1、 ANCHORAGE DESIGN FOR PETROCHEMICAL FACILITIES PREPARED BY Task Committee on Anchorage of the Petrochemical Committee of the Energy Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE RESTON, VIRGINIA 20191-4400 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anchorage d
2、esign for petrochemical facilities / prepared by Task Committee on Anchorage of the Petrochemical Committee of the Energy Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7844-1258-9 (pbk.) - ISBN 978-0-7844-7718-2 (pdf) - ISBN 9
3、78-0-7844-7744-1 (epub) 1. Petroleum refineries-Design and construction. 2. Industrial buildings-Foundations. 3. Wind-pressure. I. American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Anchorage. TH4571.A53 2013 693.85-dc23 2012035238 Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander
4、Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4400 www.asce.org/pubs Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any spec
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9、http:/cedb.asce.org) and using the “Permission to Reuse” link. Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-1258-9 (paper) ISBN 978-0-7844-7718-2 (PDF) ISBN 978-0-7844-7744-1 (EPUB) Manufactured in the United States of America. ASCE Petrochemical En
10、ergy Committee This document is one of five state-of-the-practice engineering reports produced, to date, by the ASCE Petrochemical Energy Committee. These engineering reports are intended to be a summary of current engineering knowledge and design practice, and present guidelines for the design of p
11、etrochemical facilities. They represent a consensus opinion of task committee members active in their development. These five ASCE engineering reports are: 1. Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities 2. Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities 3
12、. Wind Loads for Petrochemical and Other Industrial Facilities 4. Anchorage Design for Petrochemical Facilities 5. Design of Secondary Containment in Petrochemical Facilities The ASCE Petrochemical Energy Committee was organized by A. K. Gupta in 1991 and initially chaired by Curley Turner. Under th
13、eir leadership the five task committees were formed. More recently, the Committee has been chaired by Joseph A. Bohinsky and Frank J. Hsiu. The five reports were initially published in 1997. Building codes and standards have changed significantly since the publication of these five reports, specific
14、ally in the calculation of wind and seismic loads and analysis procedures for anchorage design. Additionally, new research in these areas and in blast resistant design has provided opportunities for improvement of the recommended guidelines. The ASCE has determined the need to update four of the ori
15、ginal reports and publish new editions based on the latest research and for consistency with current building codes and standards. The ASCE Petrochemical Energy Committee was reorganized by Magdy H. Hanna in 2005, and the following four task committees were formed to update their respective reports:
16、 Task Committee on Anchorage for Petrochemical Facilities Task Committee on Blast Design for Petrochemical Facilities Task Committee on Seismic Evaluation and Design for Petrochemical Facilities Task Committee for Wind Load Design for Petrochemical Facilities Current ASCE Petrochemical Energy Commit
17、tee Magdy H. Hanna, PE JacobsTask Committee Chairman William Bounds, PE Fluor CorporationBlast Committee Chairman John B. Falcon, PE JacobsAnchorage Committee Chairman James R. (Bob) Bailey, PhD, PE Exponent, Inc.Wind Committee Chairman J. G. (Greg) Soules CB and provide an updated report that will
18、continue to serve as a source for uniformity in the design, fabrication and installation of anchorage in the petrochemical industry. Although the makeup of the committee and the writing of this report are directed at petrochemical facility design, these guidelines are applicable to similar design si
19、tuations in other industries. This report should interest engineers with responsibility for designing anchorage for equipment and structures, and operating company personnel responsible for establishing internal design, fabrication and construction practices. This report is intended to be a State-of
20、-the-Practice set of guidelines. The guidelines are based on published information and actual design practices. A review of current practices, internal company standards, and published documents was conducted. Also included is a list of references used by the Committee during creation of this report
21、. The Committee acknowledges the work of Process Industry Practices (PIP) (http:/www.pip.org) for providing much of the information used in this report. In helping to create this consensus set of guidelines, the following individuals provided valuable assistance: John B. Falcon, PE Donald W. Boyd Ja
22、cobs Process Industry Practices (PIP) Chairman Anchorage Committee Vice Chairman Tracey Hays, PE S b. summarize anchorage materials and properties; c. present current practices for fabrication and installation of anchorage; d. present recommendations for post-installed anchors; e. make comprehensive
23、 recommendations for cast-in-place anchor design which are appropriate for use by the petrochemical industry; f. present recommended fabrication, constructability, and repair practices. The committee recognized that while several different types of anchorage systems are used in petrochemical facilit
24、ies, the most common types are cast-in-place anchors, welded anchors, post-installed anchors, and shear lugs. Therefore, for this report, the committee limited its investigation and recommendations to these common types. This self-imposed limit should not be construed as an attempt to limit the impo
25、rtance of other types of anchorage systems. Instead, this limit allowed the committee to focus attention on the most commonly used devices. 11.3 UPDATES AND ADDITIONS TO PREVIOUS REPORT Chapter 2 includes a reorganization of Table 2.1, defining ASTM material specifications used for bolts and rods, w
26、ith expanded notes relating to material welding and galvanizing. New sections have been added for washers and nuts, sleeves, fabrication threading, headed studs, post-installed anchors, shear lugs, and performance of anchors exposed to extreme temperatures. The ASTM A307 Grade C anchor rod material
27、is deleted and replaced with reference to ASTM F1554 Grade 36. Chapter 3 has been rewritten for the state-of-the-art Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) Method based on ACI 318 and ACI 349 as applied to the current state of design practices in the petrochemical industry. New and revised sections have bee
28、n created for anchor configuration and dimensions, strength and ductile design, anchor reinforcement design, frictional resistance, shear lug design, tensioning of anchors, design of welded anchors for embedded plates, and considerations for vibratory and seismic loads. Detailed examples are provide
29、d for a column pedestal with supplemental tension and shear reinforcement design, vertical vessel foundation anchorage design, and shear lug design. Chapter 4 has been revised to include present design information for post-installed mechanical and bonded anchors, including typical installations; sta
30、tic, seismic, and fatigue design considerations; and post-installed qualifications. Anchor types addressed are those that would typically be considered for structural as well as safety-related nonstructural applications. Other light duty fastener types such as powder-actuated fasteners and small scr
31、ews are not included in this discussion. For information regarding the correct design and installation of such fastener types, the user should refer to the appropriate evaluation reports provided by ICC-ES or other evaluation bodies. It is also advised that these types of light-duty fasteners not be
32、 used as single-point fastenings, but rather only in applications where the failure of one or more fasteners will not lead to progressive collapse. Chapter 5 has been added to present installation and repair information, focusing on post-installed anchors, constructability, and repair procedures. 1.
33、4 CODES AND DESIGN PROCEDURES Changes in design methodology documented in the publications discussed below have resulted in changes to the formulas and methodologies presented in the original report, which was based on the 45-degree cone method. This report is based on the CCD Method, which assumes
34、a critical spacing of three times the effective embedment depth. This assumption corresponds to a cone angle of approximately 35 degrees. In addition, the equation for basic concrete breakout strength accounts for the size effect associated with relatively high bearing stresses (and strain gradients
35、) in the concrete. The following is a brief summary of the ACI Committee work relating to anchorage design. 2 ANCHORAGE DESIGN FOR PETROCHEMICAL FACILITIESACI Committee 355 published the State-of-the-Art Report on Anchorage to Concrete in 1991. This was the first of a two-volume set which emphasized
36、 behavior and did not include design methods and procedures. In 2000, ACI Committee 355 published the ACI Provisional Standard, Qualification of Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors in Concrete (ACI 355.2-00) and Commentary (ACI 355.2R-00). This document prescribed testing programs and evaluation requi
37、rements for post-installed mechanical anchors intended for use in concrete under the design provisions of ACI 318/318R-02. It was designated an ACI Standard in 2001 and has since been updated twice, most recently in 2007. ACI Committee 318 first approved the inclusion of Appendix D Anchoring to Conc
38、rete in ACI 318/318R-02. It provided strength design requirements for anchorage to concrete that consider several potential failure modes such as steel strength, concrete breakout, anchor pullout, side-face blowout, and anchor pryout (shear) in accordance with the CCD Method. ACI 318-08 includes the
39、 following important enhancements to Appendix D: a. The requirements for the use of reinforcement to preclude concrete breakout are more clearly defined b. A non-ductile anchor option is included in the seismic design provisions c. A modification factor for concrete breakout strength is introduced t
40、o reduce the conservatism of the provisions for anchorages loaded in shear where the edge distance is large relative to the member thickness ACI Committee 349 Appendix B introduced provisions for anchor design in 1976. In 1980, revisions to Appendix B based on the 45-degree cone method were proposed
41、; they were incorporated in 1982. (Reference Cannon et al Preface 1981.) This approach involved the assumption of a conical failure surface originating from the outer edge of the bearing head and projecting at an angle of 45 degrees to the concrete surface. This assumption, combined with a calculati
42、on for equilibrium based on a uniform stress distribution of 4cf over the failure surface, results in an equation for breakout that is proportional to the square of the embedment depth. In 2001, ACI Committee 349 adopted the CCD Method as Appendix B of ACI 349-01. In contrast to ACI 318/318R-02 Appe
43、ndix D, however, Appendix B of ACI 349-01 included provisions for non-ductile anchors as well as the use of friction to resist shear, and design provisions for shear lugs. In 2007, ACI Committee 349 published the Guide to the Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) MethodEmbedment Design Examples. This repor
44、t presents design examples of single and multiple embedded elements in concrete members based on Appendix D (formerly Appendix B) of ACI 349-06, which is based on the CCD Method. The 2007 edition of the Guide replaced the 1997 edition, which was based on ACI 349-97 and the 45-degree cone method for
45、establishing concrete breakout resistance. ANCHORAGE DESIGN FOR PETROCHEMICAL FACILITIES 31.5 STATE OF RESEARCH In 1995, Fuchs et al. published a code background paper in the ACI Structural Journal, Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) Approach for Fastening to Concrete. As described earlier, the CCD Meth
46、od is the basis for the design of anchorages embodied in the current ACI 318 and ACI 349 codes and is based on the cone method developed at the University of Stuttgart. This method provides visual explanation for the factors used to account for geometry and loading effects in the prediction of concr
47、ete breakout strength. It combines the transparency of the 45-degree cone failure model with the improved accuracy of the cone method, especially for groups and near-edge anchorages, and includes a simple rectangular projected failure surface calculation procedure. Until recently, test results were
48、limited for anchors in the upper range of sizes and embedment depths commonly used in industrial facilities. The majority of embedment depths included in the international database used to verify the CCD Method are less than 7.87 in. (200 mm) with very few, if any, greater than 21.7 in. (550 mm). Mo
49、st anchor sizes that had been tested were less than 2 in. (50.8 mm) in diameter, with a majority of the tests having been performed on anchors 1 in. (25 mm) or less in diameter. Klingner and Mendonca (1982a, b) present a literature review of tensile capacity and shear capacity of short anchors and welded studs. Eligehausen et al. (2006) provides a good overview of research in the field of fastening technique from around the world. An ACI technical paper, Tensile-Headed Anchors
