1、 ASCE/SEI 49-12ASCE STANDARDAmerican Society of Civil EngineersWind Tunnel Testing for Buildings and Other StructuresASCE/SEI 49-12This document uses both the International System of Units (SI) and customary units.Published by the American Society of Civil EngineersWTG_49-12_FM.indd i 8/1/2012 4:45:
2、27 PMLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataWind tunnel testing for buildings and other structures / American Society of Civil Engineers.p. cm.(ASCE standard ; ASCE/SEI 49-12)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-7844-1228-2 (pbk.)ISBN 978-0-7844-7690-1 (ebook)1. Wind t
3、unnel testing. 2. Wind-pressure. 3. BuildingsAerodynamics. 4. Structural analysis (Engineering) I. American Society of Civil Engineers.TA654.5W575 2012690.21dc232012009848Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191www.asce.org/pubsThis standard was
4、 developed by a consensus standards development process which has been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Accreditation by ANSI, a voluntary accreditation body representing public and private sector standards development organizations in the United States and abroad, sig
5、nifi es that the standards development process used by ASCE has met the ANSI requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.While ASCEs process is designed to promote standards that refl ect a fair and reasoned consensus among all interested participants, while preserving the public
6、health, safety, and welfare that is paramount to its mission, it has not made an independent assessment of and does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any infor-mation, apparatus, product, or process discussed herein. ASCE does not intend, nor should anyone interpret,
7、 ASCEs standards to replace the sound judgment of a compe-tent professional, having knowledge and experience in the appropriate fi eld(s) of practice, nor to substitute for the standard of care required of such professionals in interpreting and applying the contents of this standard.ASCE has no auth
8、ority to enforce compliance with its standards and does not undertake to certify products for compliance or to render any professional services to any person or entity.ASCE disclaims any and all liability for any personal injury, property damage, fi nancial loss, or other damages of any nature whats
9、oever, including without limitation any direct, indirect, special, exemplary, or consequential damages, resulting from any per-sons use of, or reliance on, this standard. Any individual who relies on this standard assumes full responsibility for such use.ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersR
10、egistered in U.S. Patent and Trade-mark Offi ce.Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be obtained by sending an e-mail to permissionsasce.org or by locating a title in ASCEs online database (http:/cedb.asce.org) and using the “Permissio
11、n to Reuse” link.Copyright 2012 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1228-2 (paper)ISBN 978-0-7844-7690-1 (e-book)Manufactured in the United States of America.18 17 16 15 14 13 12 1 2 3 4 5WTG_49-12_FM.indd ii 7/24/2012 12:25:20 PMiiiSTANDARDSIn 2006, the Bo
12、ard of Direction approved the revision to the ASCE Rules for Standards Committees to govern the writing and maintenance of standards developed by the Society. All such standards are developed by a consensus standards process managed by the Societys Codes and Standards Committee (CSC). The consensus
13、process includes balloting by a balanced standards committee made up of Society members and nonmem-bers, balloting by the membership of the Society as a whole, and balloting by the public. All standards are updated or reaffi rmed by the same process at intervals not exceeding fi ve years.The followi
14、ng standards have been issued:ANSI/ASCE 1-82 N-725 Guideline for Design and Analysis of Nuclear Safety Related Earth StructuresASCE/EWRI 2-06 Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in Clean WaterANSI/ASCE 3-91 Standard for the Structural Design of Com-posite Slabs and ANSI/ASCE 9-91 Standard Practice for th
15、e Construction and Inspection of Composite SlabsASCE 4-98 Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related Nuclear StructuresBuilding Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02) and Specifi cations for Masonry Structures (ACI 530.1-02/ASCE 6-02/TMS 602-02)ASCE/SEI 7-10 Minimum Desig
16、n Loads for Buildings and Other StructuresSEI/ASCE 8-02 Standard Specifi cation for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural MembersANSI/ASCE 9-91 listed with ASCE 3-91ASCE 10-97 Design of Latticed Steel Transmission StructuresSEI/ASCE 11-99 Guideline for Structural Condition Assessment
17、of Existing BuildingsASCE/EWRI 12-05 Guideline for the Design of Urban Subsur-face DrainageASCE/EWRI 13-05 Standard Guidelines for Installation of Urban Subsurface DrainageASCE/EWRI 14-05 Standard Guidelines for Operation and Maintenance of Urban Subsurface DrainageASCE 15-98 Standard Practice for D
18、irect Design of Buried Precast Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations (SIDD)ASCE 16-95 Standard for Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Engineered Wood ConstructionASCE 17-96 Air-Supported StructuresASCE 18-96 Standard Guidelines for In-Process Oxygen Trans-fer TestingASCE 19-10 Structural A
19、pplications of Steel Cables for BuildingsASCE 20-96 Standard Guidelines for the Design and Installation of Pile FoundationsANSI/ASCE/T included were wind engineers, consulting engineers, professors, and an insurance company representative.This standard was prepared through the consensus standards pr
20、ocess by balloting in compliance with procedures of ASCEs Codes and Standards Committee. Those individuals who serve on the Wind Tunnel Testing Standards Committee are:Mark BakerJack CermakCesar FarellPeter IrwinNicholas IsyumovThusitha KumarasenaRusk MasihJon PeterkaGene SandersMichael SoligoTheodo
21、re StathopoulosSteven StrohPeter VickeryChongYul YoonMehdi ZarghameeWTG_49-12_FM.indd vii 7/24/2012 12:25:20 PMThis page intentionally left blank Wind Tunnel Testing for Buildings and Other Structures ixCONTENTSPage1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Report Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Coordinate System
23、s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 Symbols and Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Simulation of Wind in Boundary-Layer Wind Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Requirements for Simulatio
25、n of the Approach Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.2 The Reference Approach Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.3 S
26、imulation of the Approach Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.3.1 Conditions for Similarity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.3.2 The Proximity Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.3.3 Topogr
27、aphic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 Geometric Scale Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Local and Area-Averaged Wind Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . 53.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.2 Local Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.3 Area-Averaged Pressures . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.4 Internal Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Overall Wind Loads (Excluding Aeroelastic Effects) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . 74.1 Force Balance Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.2 Instantaneous Spatial Pressure Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Aeroelastically Active Structures . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.2 Aeroelastic Modeling Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
32、.3 Scaling of the Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.4 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Extreme Wind Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.2 Analysis of Wind Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.3
34、Hurricanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.4 Other Winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.5 Combination of Wind and Wind Tunnel Data . . . . . . . . . . .
35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Snow Load Model Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Accuracy, Precision, and Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15COMMEN
36、TARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17C1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19C1.4 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19C1.5 Symbols and Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19WTG_49-12_FM.indd ix 7/24/2012 12:25:20 PMx ContentsC2 Simulation of Wind in Boundary-Layer Wind Tunnels . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21C2.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21C2.2 Requirements for Simulation of the Approach Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
39、1C2.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21C2.2.2 The Reference Approach Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21C2.2.3 Simulation of the Approach Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . 23C2.2.3.1 Conditions for Similarity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23C2.2.3.2 The Proximity Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23C2.2.3.3 Topographic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、. . . . 23C2.3 Geometric Scale Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23C3 Local and Area-Averaged Wind Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25C3.2 Local Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25C3.3 Area-Averaged Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25C3.4 Internal Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、 . . 25C4 Overall Wind Loads (Excluding Aeroelastic Effects) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27C4.1 Force-Balance Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27C4.1.1 High-Frequency Force-Balance . . . . . . .
44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27C4.1.2 Principles and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27C4.1.3 Adjustments for Base-Balance Mechanical Admittance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27C4.1.4 Adjustments for Mode Shape
45、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28C4.1.5 Treatment of Coupled Degrees of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28C4.1.6 Multilevel Force-Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28C4.1.7 Forced Osc
46、illation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28C4.2 Instantaneous Spatial Pressure Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28C5 Aeroelastically Active Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29C5.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29C5.1.1 Types of Aeroelastic Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29C5.1.2 Effects of Turbulence .
48、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30C5.2 Aeroelastic Modeling Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30C5.2.1 Requirements for Dynamic Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
49、C5.2.2 Types of Aeroelastic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31C6 Extreme Wind Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33C6.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33C6.1.1 Wind Types and Their Effects on the W
