1、ASCE STANDARDASCE/SEI5911This document uses both the International System of Units (SI) and customary unitsBlast Protection of Buildings ASCE/SEI 59-11ASCE STANDARDAmerican Society of Civil EngineersBlast Protection of BuildingsThis document uses both the International System of Units (SI) and custo
2、mary units.Published by the American Society of Civil EngineersSDI_59-11_FM.indd i 8/19/2011 2:53:55 PMCataloging-in-Publication data on fi le with Library of CongressPublished by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191www.pubs.asce.orgThis standard was dev
3、eloped by a consensus standards development process which has been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Accreditation by ANSI, a voluntary accreditation body representing public and private sector standards development organizations in the U.S. and abroad, signifi es that
4、the standards development process used by ASCE has met the ANSI requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.While ASCEs process is designed to promote standards that refl ect a fair and reasoned consensus among all interested participants, while preserving the public health, safet
5、y, and welfare that is paramount to its mission, it has not made an independent assessment of and does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, appa-ratus, product, or process discussed herein. ASCE does not intend, nor should anyone interpret, ASCEs standa
6、rds to replace the sound judgment of a competent professional, having knowledge and experience in the appropriate fi eld(s) of practice, nor to substitute for the standard of care required of such professionals in interpreting and applying the contents of this standard.ASCE has no authority to enfor
7、ce compliance with its standards and does not undertake to certify products for compliance or to render any professional services to any person or entity.ASCE disclaims any and all liability for any personal injury, property damage, fi nancial loss or other damages of any nature whatsoever, includin
8、g without limitation any direct, indirect, special, exemplary, or consequential damages, resulting from any persons use of, or reliance on, this standard. Any individual who relies on this standard assumes full responsibility for such use.ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S
9、. Patent and Trademark Offi ce.Photocopies and reprints. You can obtain instant permission to photocopy ASCE publica-tions by using ASCEs online permission service (http:/pubs.asce.org/permissions/requests/). Requests for 100 copies or more should be submitted to the Reprints Department, Publica-tio
10、ns Division, ASCE (address above); e-mail: permissionsasce.org. A reprint order form can be found at http:/pubs.asce.org/support/reprints/.Copyright 2011 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1188-9Manufactured in the United States of America.18 17 16 15 14 1
11、3 12 11 1 2 3 4 5SDI_59-11_FM.indd ii 8/19/2011 2:53:55 PMiiiSTANDARDSIn 2006, the Board of Direction approved the revision to the ASCE Rules for Standards Committees to govern the writing and maintenance of standards developed by the Society. All such standards are developed by a consensus standard
12、s process managed by the Societys Codes and Standards Committee (CSC). The consensus process includes balloting by a balanced standards committee made up of Society members and nonmem-bers, balloting by the membership of the Society as a whole, and balloting by the public. All standards are updated
13、or reaffi rmed by the same process at intervals not exceeding fi ve years.The following standards have been issued:ANSI/ASCE 1-82 N-725 Guideline for Design and Analysis of Nuclear Safety Related Earth StructuresASCE/EWRI 2-06 Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in Clean WaterANSI/ASCE 3-91 Standard for
14、the Structural Design of Com-posite Slabs and ANSI/ASCE 9-91 Standard Practice for the Construction and Inspection of Composite SlabsASCE 4-98 Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related Nuclear StructuresBuilding Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02) and Specifi cations
15、for Masonry Structures (ACI 530.1-02/ASCE 6-02/TMS 602-02)ASCE/SEI 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other StructuresSEI/ASCE 8-02 Standard Specifi cation for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural MembersANSI/ASCE 9-91 listed with ASCE 3-91ASCE 10-97 Design of Latticed Steel
16、 Transmission StructuresSEI/ASCE 11-99 Guideline for Structural Condition Assessment of Existing BuildingsASCE/EWRI 12-05 Guideline for the Design of Urban Subsur-face DrainageASCE/EWRI 13-05 Standard Guidelines for Installation of Urban Subsurface DrainageASCE/EWRI 14-05 Standard Guidelines for Ope
17、ration and Maintenance of Urban Subsurface DrainageASCE 15-98 Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried Precast Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations (SIDD)ASCE 16-95 Standard for Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Engineered Wood ConstructionASCE 17-96 Air-Supported StructuresASCE 18-
18、96 Standard Guidelines for In-Process Oxygen Trans-fer TestingASCE/SEI 19-10 Structural Applications of Steel Cables for BuildingsASCE 20-96 Standard Guidelines for the Design and Installation of Pile FoundationsANSI/ASCE/T typically lightweight and not posing a signifi cant debris hazard. Common ex
19、amples include portions of the structure itself, vent panels, canopies, exterior fi nishes, and exterior window shading devices.Glazing Capacity: A calculated value of pressure and impulse at which glazing breakage initially occurs, which varies as a function of glazing dimensions, layup, and probab
20、ility of glass failure.Hazard-Based Design Approach: Design approach intended to provide exterior envelope components that reduce the risk of injury to the building occupants, recognizing that large portions of the exterior envelope may require replacement after an explosion.Implicit Dynamic Finite
21、Element Analysis: Finite element analysis in which the dynamic response of each node at a given time is expressed in terms of all the displacements, velocities, or accelerations at that time.Impulse, I: Cumulative blast loading over time, calculated as the area beneath a pressuretime plot.Joint: The
22、 region where two elements intersect, such as the region of the column to which a beam attaches. Steel joints consist of the panel zone and connections. Concrete joints consist of the volume that connects all intersecting columns and beams.Level of Protection, LOP: The qualitative degree to which a
23、building is expected to prevent or limit injury to and fatality of its occupants, and damage to and destruction of its contents, in the event of an explosion.Live Load, L: A load produced by the use and occupancy of the building that does not include construction or environmental loads, such as wind
24、 load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load, fl ood load, or dead load.Mechanical Attachment Systems: A retrofi t method for existing windows where metal batten bars are attached to the window frame to retain the security window fi lm after breakage of the window glass.Mission: The purpose or funct
25、ion of the owner or users.Near Range: Standoff at which the explosive is in close proximity to the structure relative to the size of the explosive, such that the resulting blast loading must be considered to be nonuniformly distributed over the tributary area of the element being loaded. This corres
26、ponds to a scaled distance Z that is less than 3.0 ft/lb1/3(1.2 m/kg1/3).Nonstandard Building Envelope Systems: Blast-mitigating systems for the building envelope that do not meet the defi nition of standard building envelope systems.Nonstructural Elements: Non-load-bearing elements such as partitio
27、ns, furniture, equipment, ceilings, and light fi xtures.Occupancy: The purpose for which a building, or part thereof, is used or intended to be used.Owner: The person or organization that possesses or controls a particular asset, but does not necessarily directly utilize it on an ongoing basis.Penet
28、ration: Disruption or displacement of some of the target material by a fragment that impacts but does not pass through the target.Perforation: Passage through the target material by a fragment during impact.Plastic: Path-dependent force-displacement behavior for loading and unloading associated with
29、 large deformations of structural materials, often idealized by a constant resistance function unless strain hardening of the materials is considered.Primary Fragment: A fragment from a casing or container for an explosive source, or a fragment from an object in contact with an explosive.Primary Str
30、uctural Elements: The essential parts of the buildings resistance to catastrophic blast loads and progressive collapse, including columns, girders, and the main lateral-force-resisting system, along with their connections, whose failure would likely result in disproportionate damage to or instabilit
31、y of the structure as a whole.Progressive Collapse: Chain-reaction failure of a buildings structural system or elements as a result of, and to an extent SDI_59-11_01.indd 2 8/19/2011 2:53:35 PMBlast Protection of Buildings 3disproportionate to, initial localized damage, such as that caused by an exp
32、losion.Recognized Literature: Published information including, but not limited to, research fi ndings, technical papers, and reports that are approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.Regular Shaped Structure: A structure having no unusual geometric irregularity in spatial form.Resistance-Based
33、Design Approach: Design approach intended to provide nonstructural exterior envelope components that fully resist specifi ed blast loads.Risk: The relative expected loss, accounting for consequence and vulnerability, due to a specifi c threat against a particular asset.Scaled Distance, Z: The ratio
34、of the standoff to the cube root of the explosive charge size as an equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene (TNT), which commonly serves as the basis for determining the blast loading parameters.Secondary Fragment: A fragment produced by an object or structure located near the source of an explosion when
35、 the shock wave or a primary fragment encounters it.Secondary Structural Elements: Load-bearing elements, including their connections, that are not primary structural elements.Spalling: The formation of fragments on the side of an element facing away from the source of an explosion or fragment due t
36、o tension failure caused by the shock wave being transmitted through the element.Standard Building Envelope Systems: Blast-mitigating systems for the building envelope with established design methodologies, analytical models with their performance correlated with blast testing, or systems that have
37、been verifi ed by full-scale blast testing in accordance with Chapter 10.Standoff, R: The physical distance between the surface of a building, or part thereof, and the potential location for an explosion, such as the center of mass of an explosive charge.Static Increase Factor, SIF: Alternative term
38、 for Average Strength Factor, ASF.Story: The portion of a structure between the tops of two successive fl oor surfaces and, for the topmost story, from the top of the fl oor surface to the top of the roof surface.Support Rotation, : The angle through which a fl exural element subject to blast loadin
39、g has rotated at its supports when it achieves its maximum dynamic defl ection. When a fl exural element is modeled for analysis as an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) dynamic system in accordance with this Standard, support rotation is calculated assuming straight segments between hinge o
40、r yield line locations and the point of maximum defl ection.Tactic: A method by which an aggressor could carry out an attack.Threat Factor: A numerical measure of the relative likelihood of a particular explosive event.Type I Cross-Section Flexural Resistance: The nominal moment capacity of a reinfo
41、rced concrete or masonry element taking into account the compressive resistance of the concrete or masonry prior to crushing and including the strength increase effects of the compression reinforcement.Type II and Type III Cross-Section Flexural Resistance: The nominal moment capacity of a reinforce
42、d concrete or masonry element after the concrete or masonry crushes. The resistance of the element is determined by the capacity of the reinforcing steel, neglecting the contribution of the concrete or masonry.Unconstrained Fragment: A secondary fragment assumed to be loose or free to translate as a
43、 rigid body in an airblast.Users: Persons or organizations that directly utilize a particular asset on an ongoing basis, but do not necessarily possess or control it.Validated Constitutive Model: A constitutive model is validated for a range of calculations if it is known to consistently and repeate
44、dly produce results and predictions in agreement with what has been observed in real situations covering that range of applications.Vulnerability Factor: A numerical measure of the relative likelihood that a structural or nonstructural element will fail such that the loss or compromise of one or mor
45、e assets, including people, would result. The vulnerability factor refl ects the level of protection.Wet-Glazed Installation: A retrofi t method for existing windows where daylight or edge-to-edge fi lm is used with a structural silicone bead attaching the security window fi lm to the supporting fra
46、me.1.3 SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONA = vent area of structure, ft2(m2)Aps= area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone, in.2(mm2)ANFO = ammonium nitrate and fuel oilASF = average strength factorb = width of compression face of reinforced or prestressed concrete element, in. (mm)CD= drag coeffi cientCr
47、= sound velocity in refl ected overpressure region, ft/msec (m/ms)Cra= refl ection coeffi cientCFD = computational fl uid dynamicsCOTS = commercial off-the-shelfD = dead load determined in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7d = effective depth of reinforced or prestressed concrete element, in. (mm)DIF = dyna
48、mic increase factorFRP = fi ber reinforced polymerfps= calculated stress in prestressing steel at design load, psi (MPa)f c= specifi ed compressive strength of concrete, psi (MPa)H or h = building height, ft (m)HFP = high-fi delity physicsig= gas overpressure impulse, psi-msec (MPa-ms)ir= normally r
49、efl ected impulse, psi-msec (MPa-ms)ir= refl ected impulse for angle of incidence , psi-msec (MPa-ms)ir_= normally refl ected negative impulse, psi-msec (MPa-ms)is= incident impulse, psi-msec (MPa-ms)L = live load determined in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7LOP = level of protectionMn= nominal fl exural strength at section, lb-in. (N-m)MDOF = multi-degree-of-freedomP = overpressure, psi (MPa)Pg= peak gas overpressure, psi (MPa)Pr= peak normally refl ected overpressure, psi (MPa)Pr= peak refl ected overpressure for angle of incidence , psi (MPa)Pso= peak side-on or incid
