1、GEOTECHNICAL PRACTICE PUBLICATION NO. 10 ROCKY MOUNTAIN GEO-CONFERENCE 2016 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2016 BIENNIAL ROCKY MOUNTAIN GEO-CONFERENCE November 4, 2016 Golden, Colorado SPONSORED BY The Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers Geo-Institute Chapter of the Colorado Section of the
2、American Society of Civil Engineers Mile High Chapter of the Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists Colorado Association of Geotechnical Engineers EDITED BY Jere A. Strickland, P.E. Richard L. Wiltshire, P.E. Christoph M. Goss, Ph.D., P.E. Published by the American Society of Civil
3、Engineers Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which take
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9、780784480250 Copyright 2016 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-8025-0 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. Preface Since 1984, the ASCE Geo-Institute Chapter of Colorado, in collaboration with the Rocky Mountain Section (now Mile High Chap
10、ter) of the Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists and the Colorado Association of Geotechnical Engineers, has organized a biennial series of conferences on a wide variety of geotechnical and geologic themes that have been attended by civil/geotechnical engineers, geologists, and ot
11、her geo-professionals. The geotechnical conferences have been held at area universities or hotels and have offered the opportunity for sharing ideas and experiences among Colorados diverse geo-disciplines. Since 2004, ASCEs Geo-Institute has published the papers of these conferences in a total of se
12、ven Geotechnical Practice Publications, allowing the experiences to be shared with a worldwide audience. The Steering Committee convened in August 2015 and held monthly meetings to plan for the 2016 Biennial Rocky Mountain Geo-Conference. The Steering Committee members included Christoph Goss (Confe
13、rence Chair), James Arthurs, Andrei Bedoya, Russell Berends, Mark Brooks, Kami Deputy, Robin Dornfest, Darin Duran, Evan Lindenbach, Joels Malama, Minal Parekh, Robert Redd, Becky Roland, Jere Strickland, Tom Szynakiewicz, Tom Terry, Nate Thompson, Lindsay Tita, Mark Vessely, Chris Wienecke, Richard
14、 Wiltshire and John Worthen. Jere Strickland, Richard Wiltshire, and Christoph Goss Rocky Mountain Geo-Conference 2016 GPP 10 iii ASCE Acknowledgments The Steering Committee wishes to take this opportunity to thank all of the authors and reviewers of our papers, which are herein presented as Geotech
15、nical Practice Publication No. 10. The authors have spent many hours in preparing and finalizing their papers, which will be presented at the 2016 biennial Rocky Mountain Geo- Conference on November 4, 2016. These papers have been reviewed by a volunteer group of Denver area geo-professionals who pu
16、t in their valuable time and helped make these papers even better. The Geo-Institutes Committee on Technical Publications completed its review of our papers in a very timely manner and their adherence to our aggressive publication schedule is greatly appreciated. We would also like to acknowledge th
17、e assistance of Donna Dickert, ASCEs Acquisitions Editor, for putting this publication together. Rocky Mountain Geo-Conference 2016 GPP 10 iv ASCE Harold William Olsen August 12, 1931 April 14, 2016 Harold (Hal) Olsen was born in Casper, Wyoming, the youngest of four siblings. After finishing school
18、 in Casper, he enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received his Bachelor (S.B.), Master (S.M.) and Doctoral (Sc.D.) degrees in civil engineering. While in graduate school, he spent a year as a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Naples, Italy. Upon graduation, he joined
19、 the U.S. Geological Survey as a research civil engineer and had a long and successful career that included work in Washington, D.C., Palo Alto, CA, and Denver. After retiring in 1994, he joined the faculty at the Colorado School of Mines as a research professor. He was responsible for several resea
20、rch projects funded by the Environmental Protection Agency, National Science Foundation, and NASA. He died peacefully after a long battle with Parkinsons Disease. He is survived by his wife, Charlotte Jensen, a daughter, two sons, and two stepsons. Hal made pioneering advancements throughout his car
21、eer and directly impacted the lives of the many people he worked with, mentored, and taught. During Hals career, he interacted and worked with many notable geotechnical engineers, including Terzaghi, Lambe, Whitman, Aldrich, Ladd, and Wissa. He was an innovator in the use of flow pump methods for me
22、asuring coupled flow phenomena in clays, water retention behavior of unsaturated soils, and characterization of expansive soil and bedrock. He was an extremely meticulous and patient experimentalist. Many of Hals experiments with clay required years of patient monitoring and refinement, which he cle
23、arly relished and enjoyed. He was the first person in the lab every single morning. Conversations with Hal about soil behavior were an adventure that could lead in any direction and invariably brought new insight and ideas for entirely different research directions. His curiosity, enthusiasm, and th
24、oughtfulness were contagious. He was an Rocky Mountain Geo-Conference 2016 GPP 10 v ASCE outstanding mentor with a gift for helping his students organize their thoughts in writing. It was not unusual to see Hals students at Mines with a draft of their thesis, dissertation, or paper printed and sprea
25、d out along the length of the hallway so that Hal could help them see the big picture. Hal was a proud citizen of the geotechnical community, a Member of ASCE, and a member of the Clay Minerals Society. Hal served as Editor-in-Chief of ASCEs Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering f
26、rom 1999 to 2003 and was an active member of the ASCEs Colorado Section, which now includes a Geo- Institute Chapter. Hals initiative lead to the development of the Geo-Institutes White Paper on creating a Geotechnical Practice Publication (GPP) and he was a co-editor on the Colorado G-I Chapters fi
27、rst GPP in 2004, which opened the door for our very successful series of GPPs, including the 7 thpublished herein. We thank Hal for all that he gave and did for us. May he rest in peace. Mostly contributed by former colleagues and students Dr. Ning Lu and Dr. Bill Likos; the photograph is courtesy o
28、f Dr. Lu. Rocky Mountain Geo-Conference 2016 GPP 10 vi ASCEContents Condition Assessment and Repair of the Stanley Canyon Tunnel . 1 Margaret A. (Peggy) Ganse, Aaron L. Leopold, Lucas O. Strom, Greg Fischer, and Ronald J. Sanchez Building a Better SolutionCombining Water Injection and Stone Columns
29、. 17 Phillip Gallet and Todd Roberts Compaction Grouting for Ground Improvement and Structure Rehabilitation 23 Tom Szynakiewicz Rehabilitation of North Lake Dam to Address Uplift and Unfiltered Seepage . 32 Emily P. Tyler, Michael L. Graber, Robert J. Huzjak, and Edwin Friend Improving Investigatio
30、ns with Drill Parameter Recorder Technology . 51 Evan J. Lindenbach Osterberg Load Test on a Drilled Shaft in Gravels and Sands with Cobbles . 60 Robert Miller and Hsing-Cheng Liu Deformation and Capacity of Vacuum-Wrapped Reinforced Soil Test Structures 78 Egbal Elmagre and Peter Hoffman The Influe
31、nce of Random Confining Layer Thickness on Levee Seepage Analysis 89 Bryant A. Robbins, D. V. Griffiths, and Gordon A. Fenton Fruitgrowers Dams Left Abutment Landslide Evaluation 103 Eric Bergstrom and Chris Slaven The Michigan Ditch Landslide and Tunnel Case History and Unique Delivery Method 117 R
32、obin Dornfest, John Beckos, Owen Randall, Don Silar, and Nathan Soule Small Dam, Big Problems, Unique SolutionsCoal Ridge Waste Dam . 136 Sarah Myers, John Batka, Robin Dornfest, and Steve Kuehr Rocky Mountain Geo-Conference 2016 GPP 10 vii ASCEAnthropogenic Changes to Soils and Landscapes in Erie,
33、Colorado . 148 Robert A. Stewart Hyrum Dams Seismic Issue Evaluation . 166 Greg Eddy 35 Years of Compaction and Low Mobility Grouting in the Mountain West 190 Joe Harris and Jesse Friel Mitigation of Landslides in Colorado and Wyoming Using Geofoam Fill 212 Ben Arndt Rocky Mountain Geo-Conference 20
34、16 GPP 10 viii ASCE Condition Assessment and Repair of the Stanley Canyon Tunnel Margaret A. (Peggy) Ganse, P.E., P.G. 1 ; Aaron L. Leopold, A.M.ASCE, E.I.T. 2 ; Lucas O. Strom, A.M.ASCE, E.I.T. 3 ; Greg Fischer, F.ASCE, Ph.D., P.E., D.G.E 4 ; and Ronald J. Sanchez, P.E. 51 Senior Associate, Shannon
35、 repairs consisting of steel plates and chemical grouting were constructed over a three-week period in November 2015. This paper details the execution of the condition assessment and construction of the repairs. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND The Stanley Canyon Tunnel is a key component of Colo
36、rado Springs Utilities (Utilities) Northfield Water System, transporting water a distance of 3.1 miles from Rampart Reservoir downstream to the Energy Dissipating Structure (EDS) at the Tesla Hydro Power Plant north of Colorado Springs, Colorado (Figure 1). From the Rampart Reservoir Valve House, th
37、e tunnel begins at the base of a 1,040-foot deep 10-foot diameter vertical shaft. From the base of the shaft, the tunnel extends southeast at a three percent grade to its terminus at the EDS (Figure 2). The 9-foot diameter tunnel is primarily lined with reinforced and non-reinforced concrete, with R
38、ocky Mountain Geo-Conference 2016 GPP 10 1 ASCE the exception of a 3,267-foot-long section of epoxy-coated steel at the terminus near the EDS. The thickness of the concrete lining was designed to be 12 inches minimum. The tunnel transports water under operating pressures as high as 765 psi. FIG. 1.
39、Project Vicinity Map. FIG. 2. Location Map of the Stanley Canyon Tunnel. Rocky Mountain Geo-Conference 2016 GPP 10 2 ASCE The tunnel was constructed in the late 1980s and early 1990s using a Robbins full- face rock tunnel boring machine. The majority of the tunnel was constructed through bedrock con
40、sisting of Pikes Peak Granite. An intrusion of Windy Point Granite stock was also encountered in two locations near the mid-point of the tunnel, extending over a distance of approximately 2,500 feet (Figure 3). The Pikes Peak Granite underwent contact metamorphism as a result of the intrusion, causi
41、ng the rock to become denser and stronger. During construction, high groundwater inflows (up to 4,000 gpm) were encountered near the contact zones between the two rock types, due to the typically more fractured and altered nature of the rock in these areas (Deere et. al., 1995). Based on a review of
42、 as-built documents, tunnel initial support consisting of heavy pattern bolting in combination with steel ribs and shotcrete was utilized as initial support in areas of highly fractured rock (Shannon the intent of the support was for ground control, not groundwater control. Tunnel excavation was exp
43、ected to take about five months, but difficulties with groundwater inflows, hard rock, and shear zones extended this time to nearly three years. The tunnel lining was constructed and the tunnel placed into service in 1993. Based on a review of as-built construction drawings, reinforced concrete was
44、constructed in 21 areas for a total length of nearly 1,000 feet (Black reinforcement was incorporated into the lining in both areas of highly fractured and relatively intact rock, and was not constructed in all areas where highly fractured rock was encountered. FIG. 3. Stanley Canyon Tunnel Profile
45、Showing Windy Point Granite Intrusions and high groundwater inflows during construction. Rocky Mountain Geo-Conference 2016 GPP 10 3 ASCE The tunnel is drained every 10 years so that the condition of the lining can be inspected, in accordance with requirements of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commis
46、sion (FERC). The condition of the lining was previously evaluated in 1996 and 2005. During both inspections, observed lining defects generally consisted of spalling and cracking of the concrete liner and groundwater infiltration through cracks. Infiltration consisted of seeps with flows of approxima
47、tely 1 to 5 gpm to significant groundwater inflows on the order of 80 gpm near the area referred to by Utilities and previous inspection teams as the “Car Wash” (Station 85+97 to 86+04). PROJECT APPROACH Because of the FERC inspection requirement, Utilities knew they would have to drain the tunnel t
48、o accommodate the condition assessment work in 2015. With this target year in mind, Utilities was able to plan other capital improvement projects around the scheduled shutdown. Utilities planned to replace three malfunctioning isolation valves in the EDS during the shutdown (“Tesla Energy Dissipatin
49、g Structure Phase 2” project), and also make repairs to the tunnel lining (“Stanley Canyon Tunnel Inspection and Repairs” project). Draining the tunnel is an involved and complex procedure that requires careful planning and coordination in addition to addressing technical considerations. Not only must the public water demands usually met by the tunnel be maintained without interruption, but the water drained from the tunnel must be safely received by other components of the system. With these goals in mind, Utilities scheduled t
