1、 GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 147UNSATURATED SOILS2006VOLUME ONEPROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEON UNSATURATED SOILSApril 2-6, 2006Carefree, ArizonaSPONSORED BYThe Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil EngineersIN COOPERATION WITHThe International Society of Soil M
2、echanics and GeotechnicalEngineering, Committee TC6 on Unsaturated SoilsThe Canadian Geotechnical SocietyEDITED BYGerald A. MillerClaudia E. ZapataSandra L. HoustonDelwyn G. FredlundPublished by the American Society of Civil EngineersASCECataloging-in-Publication Data on file with the Library of Con
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9、uests for special permission or bulk copying should beaddressed to Permissions namely, saturated flowthrough porous media, shear strength and its application to earth pressures, bearing capacityand slope stability, and volume change or settlement experienced when loading soft claysoils.The scope of
10、the application of soil mechanics was largely limited to saturated soils. Inaddition, moisture flux boundary conditions were not taken into consideration. In most casesan attempt was made to derive closed form solutions for either one-dimensional or two-dimensional characterization of the real world
11、. Volume change problems were considered asa one-dimensional analysis with soil properties obtained from a one-dimensionalconsolidation test.The original framework for soil mechanics served well for several decades but it gradually itbecame obvious that there were important “missing links“ that rema
12、ined outside the scope ofsoil mechanics. For example, the boundary conditions for a seepage analysis were limited toeither a head boundary (i.e., such as water in a reservoir), or a zero flux boundary condition(i.e., such as an impervious soil). These boundary conditions have dominated the theorytau
13、ght in soil mechanics at universities for many decades. There is a problem with such alimited scope of boundary conditions because we live in a “real world“ with a moisture fluxboundary condition at the ground surface. The moisture flux is controlled by climaticconditions at the site. Moisture flux
14、boundary conditions become the primary forcing factorfor many serious hazard related soil mechanics problems. Consequently, it is necessary tocharacterize the water balance conditions at the ground surface as well as modeling theinfiltration of water into the soil.Problems associated with expansive
15、soils were the first class of unsaturated soil mechanicsproblems to be given serious research attention by geotechnical engineers. A series ofinternational conferences were commenced to exchange ideas on how best to deal withexpansive soils problems in 1965 at Texas A the editors are sincerely appre
16、ciative for the efforts of all the anonymousreviewers. Special thanks go to the following persons for organizing and coordinating paperreviews for the following tracks: Evapotranspiration Cover Systems - Craig Benson, Charles Shackelford and Beth Gross(on behalf of the G-I Geoenvironmental Engineeri
17、ng Committee) Dynamic Soil Properties and Liquefaction Strength of Unsaturated Soils- Mishac Yegian(on behalf of the G-I Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics Committee) Geophysical Methods for Unsaturated Soils - Soheil Nazarian and Michael Rucker (G-IGeophysical Engineering Committee) Determina
18、tion/Estimation of Unsaturated Soil Properties - Claudia Zapata and SandraHouston (on behalf of the G-I Soil Properties and Modeling Committee).Delwyn G. FredlundSandra L. HoustonGerald A. MillerClaudia E. ZapataviiiContentsVolume OneKeynotes and Special LecturesUnsaturated Soil Mechanics Applied to
19、 Geotechnical Problems 1E. E. Alonso and S. OlivellaGeo-environmental and Management Aspects of the Behaviour of Mining andMunicipal Solid Wastes in Water-Deficient Climates 36Geoffrey E. BlightSuction Measurements 81H. Rahardjo and E. C. LeongA Volume-Mass Constitutive Model for Unsaturated Soils i
20、n Terms of TwoIndependent Stress State Variables 105Delwyn G. Fredlund and Hung Q. PhamField Investigations of Unsaturated Soil Systems and EquipmentField Studies of Water Movement in Unsaturated SoilParameter Estimation from Stepped-Irrigation Tests on Instrumented LysimeterTest Plots 135G. Gjerapi
21、c and M. WickhamField Determination of Saturated and Unsatnrated Hydraulic ConductivitiesUsing the IP Method 147J. L. Peace, P. Bandini, and Z. A. SamaniPredicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils from a SoilMoisture Profile 157T. SugiiInfiltration Measurements in Model Embankments Co
22、mposed of VolcanicSandy Sous 167Y. Kiyohara, T. Unno, and M. KazamaStudy of Infiltration Characteristics in the Field 179I. G. B. Indrawan, H. Rahardjo, and E. C. LeongMonitoring Field Experiment in an Unsaturated Sandy Soil Slope in Switzerland 191A. Thielen and S. M. SpringmanEvaluation of Changes
23、 to Soil Suction Resulting from Residential Development 203K. D. Walsh, C. A. Colby, W. N. Houston, and S. L. HoustonixIn Situ Testing in Unsaturated SoilPressuremeter Testing for Electric Power Transmission Line StructureFoundations in Desert Southwest Soils 213Peter M. KandarisAn In-Situ Ion Mobil
24、ity Spectrometer Sensor System for Detecting GaseousVOCs in Unsaturated Sous 225Dick Sevier, Molly Gribb, Robert Walters, Jerome Imonigie, Kevin Ryan,Abu Kanu, Herb Hill, Feng Hong, Jake Baker, and Sin Ming LooInfluence of Flooding on Borehole Shear Test (BST) Results in Unsaturated Soil 235Charbel
25、N. Khoury and Gerald A. MillerField Studies Involving PavementsAnalysis of Variations of Pavement Subgrade Soil Water Content 247Andrew G. Heydinger and B. O. A. DaviesMonitoring Long-Term Subgrade Moisture Changes with Electrical ResistivityTomography 258Christopher R. ClarkeAn Evaluation of Horizo
26、ntal Membrane Barriers in Controlling LongitudinalCracking 269James B. Nevis, Jr.Field Studies of Soil-Atmospheric Interaction and EvapotranspirationInteraction between Trees and Buildings on Shrinkable SoilsA Detailed FieldStudy 281Geoffrey E. BlightMeasuring Evaporation from Grassed Surfaces and T
27、rees by Energy Balance 293Geoffrey E. BlightGeotechnical Practice for Unsaturated SoilsGeotechnical Engineering for Building Foundations/Slabs on Unsaturated SoilA Survey of Geotechnical Practice for Expansive Soils in Texas 304William D. LawsonAlternative Earthwork Procedure for Expansive Soils 315
28、Ronald F. ReedHeave at Manufacturing Facility: Observations and Response. 323Bill Attwooll, John Reins, and Phil LykoshEquilibrium Moisture Profiles and Ground Heave in Swelling Soils 335Jagath C. Ekanayake and Mark S. AbshireComparison of Beam Depths for Stiffened Slabs on Shrink-Swell SoilsUsing W
29、RI, PTI2004 and AS 2870 347Remon Abdelmalak and Jean-Louis BriaudGeotechnical Evaluation of the Design of Post-Tensioned Slabs on ExpansiveSoils Using the PTI Third Edition Procedure for Arizona Conditions. 355H. B. Dye, C. E. Zapata, and S. L. HoustonxInvestigation of a Leaking Water Line Beneath R
30、esidential Foundationon Expansive Soils , 367B. M. El-Oarhy and W. K. WraySettlement of Coal-Fired Power Plant Foundations on Arid Soils 379Jos L. M. Clemente, Jeffrey ONeal, and Charles G. WorthingtonSalt Encrusted Desert Flats (Sabkha): Problems, Challenges, and PotentialSolutions 391Waddah AkiliP
31、ullout Capacity of Block Anchor in Unsaturated Sand 403Naser Al-ShayeaUnsaturated Soil Challenges in Transportation Infrastructure ProjectsPrediction of Roughness of Pavements on Expansive Soils 415G. T. Hong, R. Bulut, C. P. Aubeny, R. Jayatilaka, and R. L. LyttonDesign of Pavements on Expansive So
32、ils 427G. T. Hong, C. P. Aubeny, R. Bulut, and R. L. LyttonThe New Engineering Treatment Techniques of Expansive Soils Subgradefor GuangXi Nanning-Youyi Guan Expressway. 439He-Ping Yang and Jian-Long ZhengRecent Advances and Encountered Problems in Computing Air Lossesin Compressed Air Tunneling by
33、Consideration of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics 451G. Steger, S. Semprich, and A, ChinkulkijniwatAnalysis of Slope Stability in Unsaturated SoilsInfluence of Reservoir Level Change on Slope Stability of a Silty Soil Bank 463Tony L. T. Zhan, W. J. Zhang, and Y. M. ChenMethodology for Calculation of Rain-
34、Induced Slides 4730yvind Armand H0ydal and Hkon HeyerdahlEvaluation of the Failure Mechanism of an Unsaturated Tropical Soil Slope 485T. M. P. de Campos, M. P. H. Moneada, R. Q. Velloso, C. P. Amaral,and E. A. Vargas, Jr.Dynamic Behavior and Liquefaction of Unsaturated SoilsCyclic Stress-Strain Beha
35、vior of Partially Saturated Soils 497S. Altun and A. B. GoktepePreparation and Cyclic Testing of Partially Saturated Sands 508M. K. Yegian, E. Eseller, and A. AlshawabkehDynamic Response of Unsaturated Granular Soil Deposits: A Micro-MechanicalStudy 519Mourad Zeghal and Claudia MedinaInfluence of th
36、e Suction on the Stiffness at Very Small Strains 529C. E. Mendoza and J. E. ColmenaresResilient Modulus and Plastic Strain of Unsaturated Cohesive Subgrade Soils 541Johnson H. S. Kung, H. D. Lin, Shu-Jung Yang, and Wei-Hsing HuangxiGeophysical Methods for Unsaturated SoilsSoil Property Variation by
37、Time Domain Reflectometry 553Xiong Yu, Vincent P. Drnevich, and Robert L. NowackComparison of Viscous Damping in Unsaturated Soils, Compression and Shear 565Paul MichaelsRole of Practical Geophysics in In-Situ Characterization for UndergroundConstruction in Phoenix, Arizona 577D. B. Durkee, M. L. Ru
38、cker, D. E. Smith, and A. F. AckermanCharacterizing Unsaturated Cemented Soil Profiles for Strength, Excavatability,and Erodability Using Surface Seismic Methods 589Michael L. Rucker and Kenneth C. FergasonSurface Seismic Methods for Locating and Tracing Earth Fissures and OtherSignificant Discontin
39、uities in Cemented Unsaturated Soils and EarthenStructures 601Michael L. Rucker and Otto C. HolmquistEvapotranspirative Cover SystemsAn Investigation of Factors That Influence the Water Diversion Capacityof Inclined Covers with Capillary Barrier Effects 613M. Aubertin, E. Cifuentes, V. Martin, S. Ap
40、ithy, B. Bussire, J. Molson,R. P. Chapuis, and A. MaqsoudDesign and Installation of Zero-Tension Lysimeters in an Inclined Cover 625S-. Parent, A. Cabrai, G. Gras, and F. MarinhoUnsaturated Flow Flux Assessment for Evapotranspirative Cover Compliance 634Edward Kavazanjian, Jr., Beth Ann Gross, and T
41、arik Hadj-HamouNumerical Modeling of Artificial Soil as an Evapotranspirative Cover 646A. Wayllace and W. J. LikosNumerical Modelling of Soil-Atmosphere Interaction for Unsaturated Surfaces 658G. Gitirana, Jr., M. D. Fredlund, and D. G. FredlundThe Impact of Slope and Exposure on the Design of Soil
42、Covers in ThreeDimensions 670B. Weeks and G. W. WilsonDesigning Alternative Landfill Covers Using Parametric Uncertainty Analysis 682Michael H. Young, William A. Albright, Karl F. Pohlmann, Greg M. Pohll,Walter H. Zachritz, Stephen Zitzer, David S. Shafer, Irene Nester,and Layi OyelowoDecision Analy
43、sis for Design of Evapotranspirative Landfill Covers 694John S. McCartney and Jorge G. ZornbergEvapotranspiration Landfill Cover Design: Characterization and SoilEnvironment. 706Pat McGuire, Jon Gumtow, and Ed DoylexiiCoupled Environmental Processes in Mojave Desert and Implication for ETCovers as S
44、table Landforms 718David S. Shafer, Michael H. Young, Stephen F. Zitzer, Eric V. McDonald,andToddGCaldwellDarcian Flux Estimations in Evapotranspiration Landfill Covers 730James A. Kelsey, John T. Kay, Mark Ankeny, and Mitch PlummerLysimeters versus Water-Content Sensors for Performance Monitoringof
45、 Alternative Earthen Final Covers 741Michael A. Malusis and Craig H. BensonThe Infiltrate-Stablize-Evapotranspire or ISE Landfill Cover 753Geoffrey E. BlightLong-Term Performance of a “Store/Release“ Cover over Potentially AcidForming Waste Rock in a Semi-Arid Climate 765D. J. Williams, D. J. Stolbe
46、rg, and N. A. CurreyField Performance of Capillary Break Covers over Hypersaline Tailing inan Arid Climate 777D. J. Williams and D. J. StolbergCase History and Regulatory Aspects of a Final Cover Performance EvaluationInvolving Conventional and Evapotranspirative Cover Designs 789D. Stockdill, R. R.
47、 Jorgenson, and J. E. ObermeyerLysimeter Tests for an ET Cover Design at Monticello, Utah 801W. J. Waugh, P. S. Mushovic, and A. W. KleinrathLong-Term Performance of a Reclamation Cover: The Evolution of HydraulicProperties and Hydrologie Response 813C. J. Kelln, S. L. Barbour, A. Elshorbagy, and C.
48、 QualizzaLaboratory Investigations of Unsaturated Soil Systems and EquipmentLaboratory Investigations of Volume Change in Unsaturated SoilInfluence of Matric Suction on the Volume Change Behavior of a CompactedClayey Soil 825Nubia A. Gonzalez and Julio E. ColmenaresAn Evaluation Method for the Volum
49、e Change Characteristics of Compacted Soil 837M. Honda, A. lizuka, S. Ohno, K. Kawai, and W. WangSuction Controlled Laboratory Tests on Undisturbed Pyroclastic Soil: Stiffnessesand Volumetric Deformations 849Eduardo Bilotta, Vito Foresta, and Giancarlo MigliaroA Microstructural Model for the Volume Changes of Unsaturated Clayey SoilsDue to Wetting 861V. Ferber, J. C. Auriol, J. P. Magnan, Y. J. Cui, E. De Laure, and C. GerenteWater Retention Properties and Volume Change Behavior of NaturalRomainville C
