1、GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 209 GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION, FIELD MEASUREMENT, AND LABORATORY TESTING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2008 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON WASTE MECHANICS March 13, 2008 New Orleans, Louisiana SPONSORED BY The Geo-Institute of the American Society o
2、f Civil Engineers EDITED BY Dimitrios Zekkos, Ph.D., P.E Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file with the Library of Congress. American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4400 www.pubs.asce.org Any statemen
3、ts expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an en
4、dorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation
5、 or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore. This information should not be used without first securing compet
6、ent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S. Patent
7、 and Trademark Office. Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be obtained by sending an e-mail to permissionsasce.org or by locating a title in ASCEs online database (http:/cedb.asce.org) and using the “Permission to Reuse“ link. Bulk re
8、prints. Information regarding reprints of 100 or more copies is available at http:/www.asce.org/reprints. Copyright 2011 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-1146-9 Manufactured in the United States of America. ABOUT THE WASTE MECHANICS SYMPOSIUM In March
9、2008, an International Symposium on Waste Mechanics was held in New Orleans. The Symposium provided a unique opportunity for researchers and engineers practicing in the field of waste mechanics to present recent research findings and case histories, as well as interact and exchange ideas. The Sympos
10、iums objectives were the following: 1. Develop consensus on procedures and guidelines for waste characterization, field testing, and laboratory testing of Municipal Solid Waste; 2. Summarize the state of knowledge on waste properties for use in research and engineering practice; and 3. Identify rese
11、arch needs in waste mechanics. The Symposium included the following activities: Three paper presentation sessions that were part of the main program of the Geo- Institute Geoenvironmental Congress on Tuesday and Wednesday March 11-12, 2008; An international panel discussion on research needs that wa
12、s held on Wednesday March 12, 2008 also as part of the Conferences main program; and A one-day workshop with break-out sessions that was held on Thursday March 13, 2008. Paper Presentation Sessions The three sessions included presentation of 16 papers that were reviewed by two or three reviewers. Th
13、ese papers can be found in the Geocongress 2008 volume on “Geotechnics of Waste Management and Remediation” (GSP No. 177). A list of the papers that were presented in the sessions as part of the Symposium is provided below: Session I: “Waste shear response and stability” Towhata, I., Uno, M., “Labor
14、atory Tests on Creep and Shear Behavior of Municipal Solid Waste and Mitigation of Its Long-Term Subsidence“. Reddy, K. R., Gangathulasi, J., Hettiarachchi, H., Bogner, J., “Geotechnical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste Subjected to Leachate Recirculation“. Zekkos, D., Bray, J. D., Stokoe, K., Ka
15、vazanjian, E., Rathje, E., Athanasopoulos, G. A., Riemer, M., Matasovic, N., Lee, J. J., Seos, B., “Recent findings on the static and dynamic properties of Municipal Solid Waste“. Athanasopoulos, G., Grizi, A., Zekkos, D., Founta, P., Zisimatou, E., “Municipal Solid Waste as a Reinforced Soil: Inves
16、tigation Using Synthetic Waste“. Chen, Y., Zhan, T.L.T., Ling, W., “Mechanical properties of municipal solid waste from Suzhou landfill in China“. Session II: “Waste Compressibility, degradation and time effects” McDougall, J., “Geomechanics and Long-term Landfill Settlement“. Singh, M.K., Fleming,
17、I.R., “Estimation of the mechanical properties of MSW during degradation in a laboratory compression cell“. Castelli, F., Maugeri, M., “Experimental analysis of waste compressibility“. iii Hossain, M.D.H, Gabr, M. A., Haque, M.A., “Deformation of MSW Bioreactor Landfills: Properties and Analysis App
18、roach“ Kavazanjian, E., “The impact of degradation on MSW shear strength“. Session III: “Waste characterization and hydraulic properties” Powrie, W., Beaven, R., Hudson, A., “The influence of landfill gas on the hydraulic conductivity of waste“. Borgatto, A.V.A., Izzo, R.L.S., Mahler, C. F., “Applic
19、ation of a Morphologic Classification of Brazilian MSW“. Zhan, T.L.T., Ling, D., Zhang, W., Chen, Y. “Hydrogeological characterization of Suzhou landfill of municipal solid wastes“. Dixon, N., Langer, U., “Relationship Between Classification and Shear Behavior of MSW“. Izzo, R.L., Mahler, C.F., Munn
20、ich, K., Bauer, J., “MBT Waste Used as a Capillary Barrier in a Sanitary Landfill“. Stoltz, G., Gourc, J.P., “Variation of fluid conductivity with settlement of domestic waste“. Panel Discussion An international panel discussion on research needs in waste mechanics was also held. Panel members from
21、different countries were invited to submit an opinion paper prior to the conference and made a 5-minute presentation on research needs. A discussion among participants followed. The opinion papers are included in this volume. One-day workshop A one-day workshop was held and included plenary and brea
22、k-out sessions. Morning plenary and breakout sessions focused on procedures and guidelines for waste characterization, laboratory testing and field measurements. Afternoon plenary and breakout sessions focused on a review of the state of understanding on waste properties with emphasis on shear stren
23、gth, settlement behavior, hydraulic properties and dynamic properties of Municipal Solid Waste. Organization and Participants The Symposium was organized by: Jonathan Bray, Professor, University of California at Berkeley Susan Burns, Associate Professor, Georgia Institute of Technology Jeff Dunn, Ph
24、D, Kleinfelder Edward Kavazanjian, Professor, Arizona State University Ellen Rathje, Professor, University of Texas at Austin Dimitrios Zekkos, PhD, (Chair), Assistant Professor, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor Attendance to the paper presentation sessions and the panel discussions was generally
25、 unrestricted, whereas participation to the one-day workshop required pre-registration at no cost to the participant. A total of 31 researchers and practicing engineers from 9 countries ivparticipated in the Symposium. The names of the participants (alphabetically) and their affiliation is listed be
26、low. Name Affiliation Mohamed Arab Arizona State University, Arizona, USA George Athanasopoulos University of Patras, Greece Adda Athanasopoulos-Zekkos University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, USA Christopher Bareither Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA Richard Beaven University of Southampton,
27、UK Jonathan Bray Univ. of California at Berkeley, California, USA Susan Burns Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, USA Young Min Cho University of Florida, Florida, USA Neil Dixon Loughborough University, UK Jeff Dunn Kleinfelder, California, USA Rami El-Sherbiny Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
28、Jeffrey B. Fassett Golder Associates, Texas, USA Ian Fleming University of Saskatchewan, Canada Patrick Fox Ohio State University, Ohio, USA Jean-Pierre Gourc Grenoble University, France Beth Gross Geosyntec Consultants, Texas, USA Edward Kavazanjian Arizona State University, USA Milind Khire Michig
29、an State University, Michigan, USA Claudio Mahler Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Mario Manassero Politecnico di Torino, Italy Neven Matasovic Geosyntec Consultants, California, USA Michelle Maugeri University of Catania, Italy John McDougall Napier University, UK Scott Merry Kleinfelde
30、r, Arizona, USA Marina Pantazidou National Technical University of Athens, Greece Krishna Reddy University of Illinois - Chicago, Illinois, USA Janardhanan Ganga Thulasi University of Illinois - Chicago, Illinois, USA James Tinjum CH2M Hill, Pennsylvania, USA Ikuo Towhata University of Tokyo, Japan
31、Dimitrios Zekkos University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, USA The Symposium was held under the auspices of the ASCE Geoinstitute Geoenvironmental Engineering Technical Committee, and was funded by the ASCE Geo-Institute, Kleinfelder Inc, and Geoengineer.org. The Symposiums website is available online by
32、 Geoengineer.org at the following address: http:/wastesymposium.geoengineer.org. The Symposiums website includes additional information on the symposium as well as Powerpoint slides from the 1- day workshop vABOUT THIS VOLUME The field of waste mechanics has advanced significantly since the early ad
33、mirable attempts in the 1980s and early 1990s with many of the scientific contributions in the field made by practicing engineers who needed to address the serious issues associated with solid waste disposal. Many of these issues, such as containment, stability, settlement, gas generation and leacha
34、te management, are common worldwide. Subsequent research efforts focused on providing a scientific understanding of the complexities of waste behavior. From a geotechnical perspective, municipal solid waste is a very interesting and challenging material. It is heterogeneous in nature consisting of d
35、istinctly different organic and inorganic constituents that vary significantly with depth as well as laterally, and has compressibility that is comparable to peaty soils. It is also highly anisotropic and many of its constituents contribute a fibrous reinforcement that only now we begin to understan
36、d. It is also degradable and in that process generates gas that impacts its hydraulic and mechanical behavior. This volume attempts to integrate our understanding of the MSW and provide guidance to researchers and practicing engineers who confront issues related to waste behavior. The three paper pr
37、esentation sessions and the panel discussion of the international waste mechanics symposium provided an excellent opportunity for interaction and exchange of ideas among researchers and practitioners in the field of waste mechanics worldwide. The one-day workshop attempted to review and integrate th
38、e state of the art and practice in the field of waste mechanics as well as reach some consensus among waste mechanics experts on some of the aspects of laboratory testing, field measurements and characterization of MSW. This volume consists of three parts: In part 1, a review of the state of the art
39、 in some of the most critical properties of Municipal Solid Waste is provided: Chapter 1 focuses on the saturated and unsaturated hydraulic properties of MSW; Chapter 2 summarizes the stress-strain response and shear strength of MSW; Chapter 3 addresses our understanding of the settlement behavior a
40、nd compressibility of MSW landfills and; Chapter 4 summarizes the dynamic properties of MSW. It is important to note that although, extensive references are made to numerous previous studies, an exhaustive review of the available literature was not the objective and was not attempted in all cases. H
41、owever, the literature is reviewed critically and the reader will benefit from the extensive treatment of each topic. In part 2, an attempt to reach some consensus or provide some minimum requirements or recommended procedures for waste characterization (Chapter 5), field measurements (Chapter 6) an
42、d laboratory testing (Chapter 7) is made. A review of the available literature is also presented, but the objective is not the comprehensive review of the subject. The chapters are intended to be a first step forward in providing some systematic guidance on the characterization and testing of MSW. T
43、he chapters presented in part 2 essentially mirror the themes of the break-out sessions of the one-day workshop. Leaders of each break-out session had been identified prior to the symposium. Each leader prepared a set of slides that were used during the break-out session by the participants as a bas
44、is for discussion. In many cases amendments were made by the participants. After the workshop, the leaders prepared each chapter and asked the members of vithe break-out session to review it and provide feedback. In certain cases, depending on the participants feedback, participants were included as
45、 co-authors of the chapter. Because significant effort was expended in preparation for the symposium discussions, most of the chapter content is limited to contributions published up to 2008, although in some cases, some more recent contributions have been included too. Part 3 includes five opinion
46、papers submitted by the invited panelists of the panel session titled “International perspectives on Research Needs”. The five papers are authored by participants from the United Kingdom, Brazil, Canada, Japan and the United States. All papers were submitted prior to the panel discussion and are inc
47、luded in this volume to stimulate the interest of researchers. This volume includes the results of a systematic effort to integrate our understanding of waste behavior and provide some guidance to researchers and practitioners in the field of waste mechanics. The authors of these chapters deserve to
48、 be complemented for the significant level of effort that they expended to make this volume a reality. I would also like to thank the Past and Present Chairs of the Geoenvironmental Engineering Technical Committee, Prof. Susan Burns from Georgia Tech and Prof. Krishna Reddy from the University of Illinois, Chicago, respectively, as well as the members of the Geoenvironmental Technical Committee for their support to the symposium and this volume. I would also like to thank, Anna Kathleen James, undergraduate student in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the Uni
