1、SEGEOTEC ADVANC TRANSP ELECTED GE Geo- P C HNICAL GEO CES IN NUM PORTATIO SUS PAPERS EO-CHINA Shando Chine -Institute oPublished b L SPECI O-CH MERICAL A ON GEOMA STAINABLE FROM TH A INTERN July 2 Shan SPON Shando ong Depar Universi ese Nation of the Ame ED Rifat Xinba Shu-Ron by the Amer IAL PUB HI
2、NA AND EXPE ATERIALS A E INFRAST HE PROCE NATIONA 2527, 201 dong, ChinNSORED BYong Univer rtment of T ty of Oklah nal Science rican SocieDITED BY Bulut, Ph. ao Yu, Ph.D ng Yang, P rican Society B LICATIO A 20 ERIMENTA AND GEO TRUCTURE EEDINGS AL CONFE 16 na Y rsity Transportat homa e Foundatio ety o
3、f Civi D. D. Ph.D. y of Civil En ON NO. 16 AL ANALYS OSYSTEMS F E OF THE F ERENCE tion on il Engineer ngineers 257 SIS OF FOR FOURTH rs Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements e
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9、y (http:/ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link. Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at http:/dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480007 Copyright 2016 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-8000-7 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. Prefac
10、e This Geotechnical Special Publication (GSP) contains 23 papers addressing a variety of current issues in Soils and Rock Instrumentation, Behavior, and Modeling; Earth Retaining Walls and Slope Stability; and Seismically Induced Hazards and Mitigation. These papers were presented at the GeoChina In
11、ternational Conference held on July 25-27, 2016 in Shandong, China. The technical programs for the GeoChina International Conference struck a balance between the fundamental theories and field applications. Sustainable civil infrastructures using innovative technologies and materials are endorsed by
12、 a number of leading international professional organizations. This GSP includes investigations and solutions from numerous countries. It expands ranges of tools that are available to engineers and scientists. Acknowledgments The following individuals have assisted in reviewing the papers: Tejo vika
13、sh Bheemasetti, Sao-Jeng Chao, Cheng-Wei Chen, Lizhou Chen, Xiang Chen, Yi Dong, Ceki Harman, G.T. Hong, Quan Gao, Jeffrey Lee, Zhen Liu, BooHyun Nam, Fatih Oncul, Aravind Pedarla, Asheesh Pradhan, Elmira Riahi, Hakan Sahin, Zhiming Si, Xiaoming Yang, Xinbao Yu, Bin Zhang, and Nan Zhang. Geo-China 2
14、016 GSP 257 iii ASCEContents Exploring the Geomechanics of Sinkholes: A Numerical Study of Sinkhole Subsidence and Collapse 1 Kishor Rawal, Zhong-Mei Wang, and Liang-Bo Hu Reliability Assessment of Wedge Failure in Rock Slopes by the Random Sets Theory 9 Rodrigo Hernndez-Carrillo and Gloria Ins Belt
15、rn Experimental and Numerical Analysis on the Specific Storage of Low Permeable Sandstone for Supercritical CO 218 Ardy Arsyad and Yasuhiro Mitani Experimental Study on the Drained Shear Strength of Unsaturated Clayey Sand 35 Nigui Qian, Duanyi Wang, and Qingyan Tian Application of the Low Strain Me
16、thod to the Nondestructive Detection of the Integrity of Highway Bridge Rock-Socketed Piles 43 Laisheng Xue and Xiangxing Kong Performance Evaluation of Pier Foundation Excavations at an Existing Freeway Embankment 50 James C. Ni and Wen-Chieh Cheng Microstructural Damage-Induced Localized Fracturin
17、g of Brittle Rocks . 58 Tao Xu, Shengqi Yang, Mike Heap, Chongfeng Chen, and Tianhong Yang Numerical Simulation of Built-In Oblique Circular 3D Crack Propagation under Uniaxial Compression by the Element Free Galerkin Method . 66 Dun-Fu Zhang, Sheng-Hua Huang, Bo Zhang, Shu-Cai Li, and Wei-Shen Zhu
18、Seismic Stability Analysis of Un-Reinforced and Reinforced Soil Slopes . 74 S. Sahoo, B. Manna, and K. G. Sharma Use of Retaining Walls with Relief Shelves as an Economic Solution . 82 Hany Farouk Shehata Effect of Supporting Soil Rigidity on the Apparent Earth Pressure . 91 Hany Farouk Shehata and
19、Tamer M. Sorour Geo-China 2016 GSP 257 iv ASCEReliability Analysis of Strain-Softening Slopes Using the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) 100 Subhadeep Metya, Gautam Bhattacharya, and Robin Chowdhury Probabilistic Stability Analysis of Unsaturated Soil Slopes under Rainfall 108 Bai Tao and Deyu
20、Zhang Rainfall-Induced Failure of Volcanic Embankments Subjected to Cyclic Loadings in Cold Regions 116 Shima Kawamura, Seiichi Miura, Hieu Minh Dao, and Ryoichi Yamada Computation of the Rotational Displacements of Gravity Retaining Walls by the Pseudo-Dynamic Method 124 Anindya Pain, Deepankar Cho
21、udhury, and S. K. Bhattacharyya Statistical Correlations between Pressuremeter Tests and SPT for Glacial Tills . 133 Kanagaratnam Balachandran, Jinyuan Liu, Laifa Cao, and Scott Peaker Prediction of the Field Response of Soil-Support Systems in Deep Excavations 141 A. M. Hefny, T. M. Sorour, and M.
22、E. Ezzat Sustainable Mitigation of Slope Failure by Compacted Soil-Cement Fill . 152 Jason Y. Wu, Kaiming Huang, and Munira Sungkar A Numerical Approach to Solve 3D Geotechnical Problems with 2D Codes 160 Guangxian Hou and Shanzhi Shu Risk Assessment Study on Long Oil and Gas Pipeline Construction-I
23、nduced Landslide Disasters . 167 Mingzhou Bai, Yanqing Du, Zhihua Da, Yujian Xing, and Pingyuan Zhao Probabilistic Assessment of Fill Slope Stability . 175 Kelvin Lim, Alexander Schmid, and An-Jui Li Probability of Liquefaction in Sabkha Soils under Different Earthquakes 183 Ahmed T. M. Farid Site-S
24、pecific Seismic Response Analyses of a Municipal Solid Waste Dump Site at Delhi, India 191 B. J. Ramaiah, G. V. Ramana, and B. K. Bansal Geo-China 2016 GSP 257 v ASCE Exploring the Geomechanics of Sinkholes: A Numerical Study of Sinkhole Subsidence and Collapse Kishor Rawal 1 ; Zhong-Mei Wang 2 ; an
25、d Liang-Bo Hu 31 Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606. E-mail: Kishor.Rawalrockets.utoledo.edu 2 Associate Professor, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Univ., Guiyang, Quizhou Province 50025, China. E-mail: 3 Assistant
26、Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606. E-mail: Liangbo.Huutoledo.edu Abstract: The processes of sinkhole development are strongly dominated by the geomechanical characteristics of rock and soil behavior that are complicated by the interaction with chemical reactive
27、 processes as well as hydraulic transport processes. Sinkholes formed in soils are generally of a sudden, catastrophic nature, and understanding of cover-collapse sinkholes presents probably the biggest challenge to research communities due to the difficulties in formulating an effective quantitativ
28、e approach to assess a number of diverse mechanisms behind many intricate processes involved, which are further complicated by a variety of scenarios that can trigger these sinkholes. This paper presents some of the preliminary results of an ongoing research that is aimed to explore a geomechanical
29、modelling approach to understand the process of sinkhole developments. The explicit finite difference program, FLAC is used to model the behavior of geomaterials around a cavity in a potential water drawdown scenario. A parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of different mechanical and
30、 hydraulic properties. The results show some key characteristics of sinkhole subsidence and collapse, and demonstrate the feasibility of a numerical modelling approach which must be complimented by theoretical and analytical developments to be able to explore many intricacies and complexities of the
31、 mechanisms involved in the mechanisms of cavity growth and propagation. INTRODUCTION Sinkholes are a spectacular yet devastating geo-hazard which poses a significant threat to environment, infrastructure and human lives. The conceptual nature of the involved key mechanisms is well-known, as it is u
32、sually related to formation or development of a cavity as a result of the interaction between the underlying karstic rock layer and the groundwater. The processes of sinkhole development are strongly dominated by the geomechanical characteristics of rock and soil behavior that are also complicated b
33、y the interaction with chemical reactive processes as well as hydrological processes. Geo-China 2016 GSP 257 1 ASCEHowever, there has not been extensive geomechanical and geotechnical research devoted to the study of sinkholes; current practice heavily relies on the traditional geological approach o
34、r guidelines of empirical nature. Sinkholes can develop in karstic bedrocks where the dissolution of soluble rocks plays a dominant role, or in overlying soil layers where complex hydro-mechanical processes are involved. The progress of rock failure is much dependent on dissolution in karstic rocks
35、and in general this process usually require extended periods of time likely in geological scale for limestone, while gypsum or anhydrite dissolves at a moderate rate but dissolution of rock salt (Halite) occurs quite rapidly (e.g., Waltham et al. 2005). Sinkholes formed in soils are a more widesprea
36、d geohazard and can be of a sudden, catastrophic nature. They are generally caused by the erosion, transport and failure of the soils that overlie cavernous rock. They can manifest either as a gradual process of surface depression in so-called cover-subsidence sinkholes, or a sudden soil collapse in
37、 cover-collapse sinkholes that are typically caused by the growth and upward propagation of the cavity and eventual failure of soil arch over the growing cavity in the soil layer. The development of these two types of sinkholes is often a very complicated process in which water flow plays a critical
38、 role. The complexity of sinkhole development strongly suggests a necessity of multi-physics considerations to address the interaction of geomaterials with other geochemical and hydrological processes. Geotechnical investigations of sinkholes have been traditionally centered on the analysis of stabi
39、lity around a cavity/opening (e.g., Drumm et al. 1990; Abdulla and Goodings 1996; Goodings and Abdulla 2002; Augarde et al. 2003), usually with an aim to identify the limit or maximum load (e.g., overburden pressure) as a function of geometric configuration of soil layer and cavity size and strength
40、 properties. Geotechnical research of sinkholes can certainly be enhanced by theoretical, analytical and numerical efforts to explore the geomechanics of sinkholes in an innovative way that enables understanding of the progressive nature of the sinkhole process. This paper presents some of the preli
41、minary results of an ongoing research aimed to explore a geomechanical modelling approach to understand the multi-physics processes of sinkhole development. It specifically focuses on the sinkhole formed in soils typically triggered or affected by complex hydrogeological events. General modelling ap
42、proaches are discussed briefly, followed by an introduction of basic background of numerical modelling utilizing a computational software. The underlying mechanisms of subsidence and collapse in soils are also discussed and the presented simulations are focused on the scenarios of water drawdown. BA
43、CKGROUND AND BASICS OF NUMERICAL MODELLING An in-depth understanding of the underlying mechanisms for sinkhole failure in soils remain elusive, in particular, the continuing growth and propagation in a cohesive soil is a very intricate process, no consensual theory or explanation has yet offered a clear quantitative description. This process is almost invariably associated with water flow usually (but not always) as a consequence of drawdown. Paradoxically both water drawdown and excessive rainfall can trigger this type of failure, indicating different Geo-China 2016 GSP 257 2 ASCE
