1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 107Ship Channel Designand OperationTask CommitteeBruce L. McCartney, Chair and EditorLaurie L. EbnerLyndell Z. HalesEric E. NelsonPublished by the American Society of Civil EngineersLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataShipchanneldes
2、ignandoperation/BruceL.McCartney,chairandeditor.etal.p. cm. (ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice; no. 107)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-0770-31. Channels (Hydraulic engineering)Design and construction.I. McCartney, Bruce L. II. Series.TC175.S56345 2005627prim
3、e.23dc22 2005012333Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191www.pubs.asce.orgAny statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authorsand do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibilityfor any s
4、tatement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any spe-cific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement,recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general in-formation only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they i
5、ntended asa reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any otherlegal document.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express orimplied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any infor-mation, apparatus, product, or p
6、rocess discussed in this publication, and assumesno liability therefore. This information should not be used without first securingcompetent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific applica-tion. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use,
7、including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S. Patent andTrademark Office.Photocopies: Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use un-der circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions o
8、f the Copyright Act isgranted by ASCE to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clear-ance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of$25.00perarticleispaiddirectlytoCCC,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923.The identification for this book is 0-7844-0770-
9、3/05/ $25.00. Requests for specialpermissionorbulkcopyingshouldbeaddressedtoPermissionsnor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thumbfornonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpressedonlyonepersonsobservationsoropinions),isthewo
10、rkofacom-mittee or group selected to assemble and express information on a specifictopic. As often as practicable the committee is under the direction of one ormoreoftheTechnicalDivisionsandCouncils,andtheproductevolvedhasbeen subjected to review by the Executive Committee of the Division orCouncil.
11、 As a step in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts areoften brought before the members of the Technical Divisions and Coun-cils for comment, which may serve as the basis for improvement. Whenpublished, each work shows the names of the committees by which it wascompiled and indicates clea
12、rly the several processes through which it haspassed in review, in order that its merit may be definitely understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Directionvoted to establish:A series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,toinclude the Manuals published an
13、d authorized to date, future Manualsof Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice. All suchManual or Report material of the Society would have been refereed in amanner approved by the Board Committee on Publications and wouldbe bound, with applicable discussion, in books similar to p
14、ast Manu-als. Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuation ofpresent Manual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint committees,bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTSON ENGINEERING PRACTICENo. Title13 Filtering Materials for Sewage TreatmentPlants14 A
15、ccommodation of Utility Plant Within theRights-of-Way of Urban Streets andHighways35 A List of Translations of Foreign Literatureon Hydraulics40 Ground Water Management41 Plastic Design in Steel: A Guide andCommentary45 Consulting Engineering: A Guide for theEngagement of Engineering Services46 Pipe
16、line Route Selection for Rural andCross-Country Pipelines47 Selected Abstracts on StructuralApplications of Plastics49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines for SmallCraft Harbors51 Survey of Current Structural Research52 Guide for the Design of Steel TransmissionTowers53 Criteria fo
17、r Maintenance of MultilaneHighways55 Guide to Employment Conditions for CivilEngineers57 Management, Operation and Maintenanceof Irrigation and Drainage Systems59 Computer Pricing Practices60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design andConstruction62 Existing Sewer Evaluation andRehabilitation63 Structural Pla
18、stics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Control66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings andStructures68 Aeration: A Wastewater Treatment Process69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection andTreatment Systems70 Evapotranspiration and Irriga
19、tion WaterRequirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment andManagement72 Design of Steel Transmission PoleStructures73 Quality in the Constructed Project: A Guidefor Owners, Designers, and Constructors74 Guidelines for Electrical Transmission LineStructural LoadingNo. Title76 Design of Municipal Wa
20、stewater TreatmentPlants77 Design and Construction of UrbanStormwater Management Systems78 Structural Fire Protection79 Steel Penstocks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to AugmentPrecipitation82 Odor Control in Wastewater TreatmentPlants83 Environmental Site Investigation84 Mecha
21、nical Connections in WoodStructures85 Quality of Ground Water86 Operation and Maintenance of GroundWater Facilities87 Urban Runoff Quality Manual88 Management of Water Treatment PlantResiduals89 Pipeline Crossings90 Guide to Structural Optimization91 Design of Guyed Electrical TransmissionStructures
22、92 Manhole Inspection andRehabilitation93 Crane Safety of Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, andChannels95 Urban Subsurface Drainage96 Guide to Improved EarthquakePerformance of Electric Power Systems97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts andPractice98 Conveyance of Residuals from Water a
23、ndWastewater Treatment99 Environmental Site Characterization andRemediation Design Guidance100 Groundwater Contamination byOrganic Pollutants: Analysis andRemediation101 Underwater Investigations102 Design Guide for FRP CompositeConnections (ON HOLD)103 Guide to Hiring and Retaining Great CivilEngin
24、eers104 Recommended Practice for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Products forOverhead Utility Line Structures105 Animal Waste Containment in Lagoons106 Horizontal Auger Boring Projects107 Ship Channel Design and OperationCONTENTSPREFACE . xiii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Purpose . 11.2 Background . 31.3 National De
25、fense 41.4 Economic Value to the Nation 41.5 Project Responsibilities 61.6 Scope 72 PROJECTDESIGN. 92.1 Design Philosophy 92.2 Typical Project Elements . 112.3 Preliminary Design Checklist 112.4 Design Considerations. 132.5 U.S. Coast Guard 142.6 Baseline Studies . 142.7 Typical Engineering Studies
26、. 152.8 Cargo Types. 163 SHIPCHARACTERISTICS. 173.1 Introduction. 173.1.1 Purpose . 173.1.2 Methodology and Sources . 173.1.3 Presentation . 183.2 Dry Bulk Ships 183.2.1 Description and Purpose. 183.2.2 Ship Types. 193.3 Container Ships . 213.3.1 Description and Purpose. 213.3.2 Future Ship Sizes 22
27、vvi CONTENTS3.4 Liquid Bulk Ships 223.4.1 Description and Purpose 223.5 Navy Ships. 243.6 Other Ships 253.6.1 Description and Purpose 253.7 Summary. 263.8 Source 264 FACTORSINFLUENCINGCHANNELDESIGN. 274.1 Water Levels . 274.2 Tide Predictions 274.3 Wind, Waves, and Currents. 274.4 Design Vessel. 294
28、.5 Sedimentation 294.6 Accident Records. 294.7 Environmental Sustainability . 304.8 Local Coordination. 304.8.1 Pilot Interviews. 304.8.2 U.S. Coast Guard . 315 ESTUARYHYDRAULICS 335.1 Definition 335.2 Purpose of Estuary Classification . 335.3 Classification Options 345.3.1 Topographic Classificatio
29、n 345.3.2 Classification by Salinity Structures . 355.4 Flow Predominance 385.5 Null Point 385.6 Salinity Effects on Shoaling . 395.7 Summary of Estuary Classification 395.8 Tide-Generating Forces . 395.9 Tide Terms . 405.10 Types of Tides 405.11 Spring and Neap Tides . 415.12 Influence of Moon and
30、Sun . 415.13 Tide Prediction Tables . . 425.14 Nonastronomical Forces 425.15 Waveforms. 425.16 Winds and Wind-Generated Waves . 425.17 Setup, Setdown, and Storm Surge. 435.18 Seiche 435.19 Freshwater Sources. 435.20 Episodic Events 44CONTENTS vii5.21 Changes in Sea Level . 445.22 Apparent Sea Level
31、Rise 455.23 Sea Level Rise Impact on Navigational Channels 455.24 Source 456 CHANNELDEPTH 476.1 Channel Depth Design Methods 476.2 Design Ship Loaded Draft 496.3 Effects of Fresh Water. 496.4 Ship Motion from Waves . 496.5 Squat Underway . 526.6 Safety Clearance . 526.7 Advance Maintenance 536.8 Dre
32、dging Tolerance. 546.9 Nautical Depth . 546.10 Source 557 CHANNELALIGNMENT 577.1 General 577.2 Variable Alignment. 577.3 Straight Alignment . 587.4 PIANC Method 598 CHANNELWIDTHS. 638.1 General 638.2 Maneuvering Lane . 638.3 Ship Clearance . 658.4 Bank Clearance. 658.5 Channel Types . 658.6 Prelimin
33、ary Design Guidelines for Straight Segments . 668.7 Preliminary Design Guidelines for Channel Bends 698.7.1 General. 698.7.2 Channel Width in Turns . . . . 748.7.3 Turn Design 748.7.4 Successive Turns 768.8 Channel Width Final Design 769 SEDIMENTATION . 799.1 Native Soils 799.2 Riverine Sediments. 7
34、99.3 River Reaches 809.4 Littoral Sediments 81viii CONTENTS9.5 Predictive Techniques . 819.6 Channel Shoaling . 829.7 Beach Erosion 829.8 Source 8210 DREDGINGANDDISPOSAL 8310.1 Dredges. 8310.2 Hopper Dredges 8310.3 Hydraulic Pipeline Dredge 8610.4 Dustpan and Sidecasting Dredges . 8810.5 Mechanical
35、Dredges. 8910.6 Disposal 9110.7 Source 9111 JETTIES. 9311.1 Layout 9311.2 Spacing . 9411.3 Length 9411.4 Types . 9511.5 Source 9912 SHIPLOCKS. 10113 OTHERPROJECTFEATURES 10713.1 General . 10713.2 Turning Basins 10713.2.1 Size 10913.2.2 Depth 10913.2.3 Shoaling 10913.3 Anchorages . 10913.4 Salinity B
36、arriers . 11113.4.1 Ship Locks . 11113.4.2 Submerged Barriers 11113.5 Diversion Works 11213.6 Bridges 11313.6.1 Horizontal Clearance. 11313.6.2 Vertical Clearance 11413.6.3 Bridge Approaches. 11413.6.4 Examples. 11413.7 Hurricane Barriers 11413.8 Sediment Traps 11713.9 Training Dikes and Revetments
37、117CONTENTS ix13.9.1 Dikes. 11713.9.2 Revetments 11713.10 Port Berthing and Maneuvering Areas. 12014 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 12714.1 General . 12714.2 Altered Circulation 12714.3 Dredging 12814.4 Dredged Material Disposal 12914.4.1 Open Water Disposal. 12914.4.2 Upland or off Channel 12914.4.3
38、Agitation Disposal Method . 13014.5 Jetty Construction . 13014.5.1 Water Quality Impacts 13014.5.2 Biological Impacts 13114.6 Recent Experience. 13214.6.1 Houston Ship Channel . 13214.6.2 Columbia River Ship Channel 13214.7 Source 13215 MODEL STUDIES 13315.1 General . 13315.2 Physical Models. 13315.
39、3 Numerical Models 13415.4 Ship Simulator Models 13515.5 Vessel Traffic Flow Simulation . 14116 ICEMANAGEMENT. 14316.1 General . 14316.2 Design of Channels with Ice . 14316.3 Locks . 14416.4 Erosion and Sediment Movement 14416.5 Vibration 14516.6 Mitigation of Ice Problems. 14516.7 Source 14617 ECON
40、OMIC OPTIMUM DESIGN 14717.1 General . 14717.2 Channels 14717.3 Structures . 14817.4 Benefits . 149x CONTENTS17.5 Transportation Savings . 15017.6 Evaluation Procedure. 15117.7 Source 15118 CONSTRUCTION 15318.1 General 15318.2 Source 15519 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE . 15719.1 Weather and Channel Cond
41、itions. 15719.2 Ship Movements . 15719.3 Pilotage 15819.4 Normal Maintenance . 15819.5 Maintenance as a Result of Extreme Events . 15919.5.1 Volcanoes . 16019.5.2 Earthquake 16019.5.3 Major Floods 16419.5.4 Hurricanes 16519.6 Accidents 16519.7 Operation and Maintenance Plan (ODr.LaurieL.Ebner,Portla
42、ndDistrict,Corps of Engineers; Dr. Lyndell Z. Hales, Waterways Experiment Station,CorpsofEngineers;andEricE.Nelson,SeattleDistrict,CorpsofEngineers.Chapter3,“ShipCharacteristicswasauthoredbyOgdenBeeman,Mar-itime Consultant. Eric Christensen, Commander, U.S. Coast Guard, au-thored Chapter 20, “Coast
43、Guard Activities that Support Navigation.Allother chapters and appendices were assembled by Bruce L. McCartney.Additional contributions were made by the following: Dr. Cyril Galvin,Coastal Engineer; Andrew M. Tuthill, Cold Regions Research and En-gineering Laboratory, Corps of Engineers; R. Anne Sud
44、ar, Institute forWaterResources,CorpsofEngineers;andCharlesC.Calhoun,Jr.,PresidentCOPRI, 20032004.Waterways Committee Review was performed by the following:Dr. Anatoly B. Hochstein, Director, National Ports and Waterways Insti-tute; Dr. B. K. Lee, Consulting Engineer; and E. Clark McNair, Jr., Consu
45、lt-ing Engineer.Peer review was performed by the following: Dr. James R. Houston,Director, Engineering Research Directorate, Corps of Engineers; DougThiessen, Chief Harbor Engineer for Port of Long Beach, California; Dr.William H. McAnally, Research Professor, Mississippi State University;and Dr. Ke
46、es dAngremond, Professor Emeritus, Delft University of Tech-nology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department ofHydraulic Engineering.xiiiThis page intentionally left blank Chapter 1INTRODUCTION1.1 PURPOSEThis manual provides an overview of the design process and operationof deep-draf
47、t navigation projects. Information was obtained from manysources with significant contributions from recent U.S. Army Corps of En-gineers Manuals, publications of the Permanent International Associationof Navigation Congresses (PIANC) and the following web sites:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers COE, Dig
48、ital Visual Librarywww.images.usace.army.milU.S. Coast Guard U.S. Coast Guard Digitalwww.equi.uscg.milNational Oceanic and Atmospheric NOAA Photo LibraryAssociation www.photolib.noaa.govIt should be noted that web site addresses can be temporary and may dis-appear in the long term as agencies reform
49、at navigation information.English measurement units are used for the U.S. navigation system anddesign guidance, metric is used for guidance reported by PIANC (1 m =3.3 ft).Ship Channel Design and Operation (ASCE Manuals and Reports on En-gineering Practice No. 107) was prepared by a task committee of the Wa-terways Committee, which is part of the Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and RiversInstitute.This manual provides an overview of the design process and operationof deep-draft navigation projects. The rel
