1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 114Performance-Based Design of Structural Steel for Fire ConditionsA Calculation MethodologyPrepared by theSpecial Design IssuesFire Protection Committee of the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil EngineersEdited by
2、David L. Parkinson, P.Eng., FPEVenkatesh Kodur, Ph.D., P.E.Paul D. Sullivan, P.E., FPELibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataPerformance-based design of structural steel for fi re conditions: a calculation methodology/prepared by the Special Design IssuesFire Protection Committee of the S
3、tructural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers; edited by David L. Parkinson, Venkatesh Kodur, Paul D. Sullivan.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-7844-0963-31. Building, FireproofMathematics. 2. Building, Iron and SteelMathematics. 3. Structur
4、al engineeringMathematics. 4. Steel, StructuralMathematical models. 5. Buildings, PerformanceMathematical models. 6. Engineering mathematicsFormulae. 7. Numerical calculations. I. Parkinson, David L. II. Kodur, Venkatesh. III. Sullivan, Paul D. (Paul David) IV. Structural Engineering Institute. Spec
5、ial Design IssuesFire Protection Committee.TH1088.56.P47 2008693.82dc222008036681Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191www.pubs.asce.orgAny statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily repr
6、esent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specifi c method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general informat
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11、tp:/pubs.asce.org/support/reprints/.Copyright 2009 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 13: 978-0-7844-0963-3Manufactured in the United States of America.16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE(As developed by the ASCE Technical Pro
12、cedures Committee, July 1930, and revised March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982)A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation of facts on a particular subject, supplemented by an analysis of limitations and applications of these facts. It contains information useful to th
13、e average engineer in his or her everyday work, rather than fi ndings that may be useful only occasionally or rarely. It is not in any sense a “standard,” however; nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thumb” for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in disti
14、nction from a paper (which expresses only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of a committee or group selected to assemble and express information on a specifi c topic. As often as practicable, the committee is under the direction of one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils
15、, and the product evolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of the Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts are often brought before the members of the Technical Divisions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis for impro
16、vement. When published, each work shows the names of the committees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the several processes through which it has passed in review, in order that its merit may be defi nitely understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Direction vo
17、ted to establish a series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,” to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice. All such Manual or Report material of the Society would have been refereed in a man
18、ner approved by the Board Committee on Publications and would be bound, with applicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuation of present Manual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint committees, bypassing of Journal publications
19、may be authorized.iiiMANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE CURRENTLY AVAILABLENo Title40 Ground Water Management45 Consulting Engineering: A Guide for the Engagement of Engineering Services49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines for Small Craft Harbors54 Sedimentation Engineer
20、ing57 Management, Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and Construction, Second Edition62 Existing Sewer Evaluation and Rehabilitation66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings and Structures68 Aeration: A Wastew
21、ater Treatment Process71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management73 Quality in the Constructed Project: A Guide for Owners, Designers, and Constructors77 Design and Construction of Urban Stormwater Management Systems80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitatio
22、n82 Odor Control in Wastewater Treatment Plants84 Mechanical Connections in Wood Structures85 Quality of Ground Water91 Design of Guyed Electrical Transmission StructuresNo. Title93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, and Channels95 Urban Subsurface Drainage97 Hydrau
23、lic Modeling: Concepts and Practice98 Conveyance of Residuals from Water and Wastewater Treatment100 Groundwater Contamination by Organic Pollutants: Analysis and Remediation101 Underwater Investigations103 Guide to Hiring and Retaining Great Civil Engineers104 Recommended Practice for Fiber-Reinfor
24、ced Polymer Products for Overhead Utility Line Structures105 Animal Waste Containment in Lagoons106 Horizontal Auger Boring Projects107 Ship Channel Design and Operation108 Pipeline Design for Installation by Horizontal Directional Drilling109 Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Operation in Wastewate
25、r Treatment Plants110 Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modeling, and Practice111 Reliability-Based Design of Utility Pole Structures112 Pipe Bursting Projects113 Substation Structure Design Guide114 Performance-Based Design of Structural Steel for Fire Conditions115 Pipe Ramming P
26、rojects116 Navigation Engineering Practice and Ethical StandardsCONTENTSvFOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii1 DESIGN MANUAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Selection of Compartmen
27、ts or Areas to Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Determination of Compartment Fuel Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Predicted Compartment Fire TimeTemperature Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 Predicted Steel
28、 TimeTemperature Relationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.5 Worked Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 CURRENT APPROACH TO STRUCTURAL FIRE SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.1 Hist
29、ory of the Standard Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 THE PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN PHILOSOPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 FIRE SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.1 Compartment F
30、ires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.2 Ventilation-Controlled Vs. Fuel-Controlled Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394.3 Room Fuel Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 FULLY DEVELOPED FIRE MODELING
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455.1 T-Equivalent Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455.2 Parametric Fire Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49vi CONTENTS6 BASIC CONCEPTS OF STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN . . . .
32、 . . 656.1 Role of the Structural Engineer Vs. the Fire Protection Engineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656.2 Specifi c Calculation Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666.3 Behavior of Steel under Fire C
33、onditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676.4 Critical Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686.5 TimeTemperature History of Fire-Exposed Members . . . . . . . . 697 FUTURE WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . 79APPENDIX A REVIEW OF THE STANDARD TEST. . . . . . . . . . . . 81A.1 Infl uence of Standard Fire Test TimeTemperature Curve on Test Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81A.2 Infl uence of Loading and Restraint of the Structural
35、Member in the Test Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82A.3 Infl uence of Material Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83A.4 Infl uence of Furnace Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84APPENDIX B DERIVATION OF
36、 ROOM FUEL LOAD EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85APPENDIX C FUNDAMENTAL HEAT BALANCE EQUATIONS FOR A COMPARTMENT FIRE. . . . . 109C.1 Fundamental Heat Balance Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109C.2 q.R: Rate of Radiative Heat Los
37、s through the Ventilation Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110C.3 q.W: Rate of Heat Loss through Compartment Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110C.4 q.L: Rate of Convective Heat L
38、oss Out Opening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114C.5 q.C: Rate of Combustion Heat Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115APPENDIX D CALCULATION OF PLENUM TEMPERATURE FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL PROTECTED BY A SUSPENDED CEILING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . 117D.1 Calculation of Plenum Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . . . . . 123FOREWORDCurrently the designers of buildings in North America rely on the results of standard fi re tests to ensure that building structures meet the fi re resistance rating (FRR) requirements prescribed by national building codes. Under this approach there is generally no r
41、equirement to engineer a solution to the required structural fi re safety of a building (i.e., a designer need merely demonstrate compliance with the solutions prescribed in the national building codes). In other areas of building design such as mechanical and structural, designers are permitted to
42、rely on “good engineering practices.” With the development of performance-based building codes throughout North America, it is important that the design community has the tools necessary to take advantage of these new codes, which should enable the fi re protection design of structural systems based
43、 on “good engineering practices.” In Europe, New Zealand, and Australia, performance-based requirements have been in place for several years. The benefi t provided by these codes is to enable designers to create buildings that meet the implied safety standards of the historical prescriptive codes, w
44、hich might otherwise prove to be a diffi cult task without a performance-based framework in place. Advanced research and development has resulted in the development of engineering tools that provide a real understanding of the structural response to fi re. This allows a robust approach to designing
45、structures to withstand fi re.In order to provide structural engineers with these tools, a method is being proposed here that will facilitate the design of structural steel for fi re conditions using a performance-based approach. This approach is simplistic in nature and only considers a two-dimensi
46、onal thermal response of structural steel to the fi re. There are models available for the determination of the three-dimensional thermostructural response to fi re that have been used in other areas of the world for many years. However, building designers and Authorities Having Jurisdiction in thes
47、e areas viihave had more time to become familiar with the use of performance-based designs. It is felt that the use of a method that predicts performance on the basis of limiting temperature alone will be conservative. Attempts to predict the likelihood of failure through more complicated mechanical
48、 interactions could produce more exact results but may complicate the process at this initial stage in the transformation to a performance-based regime in North America. In time, these matters may be incorporated into the framework of this approach as they become more accepted.The mathematical model
49、s presented here are not new and some date back to the 1960s; however, they do offer a simple engineering approach to building structural fi re safety. These approaches have been shown in the past to correlate well to experimental data. The method proposed here allows the designer to predict the timetemperature relationship expected in a compartment fi re with a reasonable level of conservatism. Based on the compartment fi re timetemperature relationship, the time for structural steel to re
