1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 121Safe Operation and Maintenance of Dry Dock FacilitiesPrepared bythe Dry Dock Asset Management Task Committee ofthe Ports and Harbors Committee ofthe Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute ofthe American Society of Civil EngineersEdited by
2、Paul A. HarrenLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataSafe operation and maintenance of dry dock facilities / prepared by the Dry Dock Asset Management Task Committee of the Ports and Harbors Committee of the Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute of the American Society of Civil Engi
3、neers ; edited by Paul A. Harren.p. cm(ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice ; no. 121)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-7844-1087-51. Dry docksMaintenance and repair. 2. Dry docksSafety measures. I. Harren, Paul A. II. Coasts, Oceans, Ports and Rivers Institute (Am
4、erican Society of Civil Engineers). Dry Dock Asset Management Task Committee.TC361.S34 2010623.83dc222010004060Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191www.pubs.asce.orgAny statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual autho
5、rs and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specifi c method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The mate
6、rials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifi cations, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning
7、 the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. This information should not be used without fi rst securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or sp
8、ecifi c application. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Offi ce.Photocopies and reprints. You can obtain
9、instant permission to photocopy ASCE publica-tions by using ASCEs online permission service (http:/pubs.asce.org/permissions/requests/). Requests for 100 copies or more should be submitted to the Reprints Department, Publications Division, ASCE (address above); e-mail: permissionsasce.org. A reprint
10、 order form can be found at http:/pubs.asce.org/support/reprints/.Cover photo courtesy of General Dynamics Electric Boat, Groton, CT.Copyright 2010 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1087-5Manufactured in the United States of America.17 16 15 14 13 12 11 1
11、0 1 2 3 4 5MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE(As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee, July 1930, and revised March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982)A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation of facts on a particular subject, supplemented by an
12、analysis of limitations and applications of these facts. It contains information useful to the average engineer in his or her everyday work, rather than fi ndings that may be useful only occasionally or rarely. It is not in any sense a “stan-dard,” however; nor is it so elementary or so conclusive a
13、s to provide a “rule of thumb” for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (which expresses only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of a committee or group selected to assemble and express information on a specifi c topic. As often as practicabl
14、e, the committee is under the direction of one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the product evolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of the Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts are often brought before the membe
15、rs of the Technical Divisions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis for improvement. When published, each work shows the names of the com-mittees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the several pro-cesses through which it has passed in review, in order that its merit may
16、be defi nitely understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Direction voted to establish a series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,” to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineeri
17、ng Practice. All such Manual or Report material of the Society would have been ref-ereed in a manner approved by the Board Committee on Publications and would be bound, with applicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuation of present
18、 Manual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint committees, bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE CURRENTLY AVAILABLENo. Title28 Hydrology Handbook, Second Edition40 Ground Water Management45 Consulting Engineering: A Guide for the Engagem
19、ent of Engineering Services49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines for Small Craft Harbors54 Sedimentation Engineering57 Management, Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and Construction, Second Edition62 Existing Sewer Evaluat
20、ion and Rehabilitation66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings and Structures68 Aeration: A Wastewater Treatment Process71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management73 Quality in the Constructed Project: A Guide for Owners, Designers, and Constructors74 Guideli
21、nes for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading, Third Edition77 Design and Construction of Urban Stormwater Management Systems80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation82 Odor Control in Wastewater Treatment Plants84 Mechanical Connections in Wood Structu
22、res85 Quality of Ground Water91 Design of Guyed Electrical Transmission Structures92 Manhole Inspection and Rehabilitation, Second Edition93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, and ChannelsNo. Title95 Urban Subsurface Drainage97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts and Pract
23、ice98 Conveyance of Residuals from Water and Wastewater Treatment100 Groundwater Contamination by Organic Pollutants: Analysis and Remediation101 Underwater Investigations103 Guide to Hiring and Retaining Great Civil Engineers104 Recommended Practice for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Products for Overhea
24、d Utility Line Structures105 Animal Waste Containment in Lagoons106 Horizontal Auger Boring Projects107 Ship Channel Design and Operation108 Pipeline Design for Installation by Horizontal Directional Drilling109 Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Operation in Wastewater Treatment Plants110 Sedimentat
25、ion Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modeling, and Practice111 Reliability-Based Design of Utility Pole Structures112 Pipe Bursting Projects113 Substation Structure Design Guide114 Performance-Based Design of Structural Steel for Fire Conditions115 Pipe Ramming Projects116 Navigation Engineerin
26、g Practice and Ethical Standards117 Inspecting Pipeline Installation118 Belowground Pipeline Networks for Utility Cables119 Buried Flexible Steel Pipe: Design and Structural Analysis120 Trenchless Renewal of Culverts and Storm Sewers121 Safe Operation and Maintenance of Dry Dock FacilitiesACKNOWLEDG
27、MENTSThis manual of practice was prepared by the Dry Dock Asset Management Task Committee, which is a subcommittee of the Ports Rick Weiser, George Ruple, and Frank Langford, NAVSEA; and Arnie Rusten and Joe Stockwell, Berger/ABAM.PREFACEPrior to the publication of this manual of practice, there was
28、 no docu-mentation available to commercial facilities that provides guidance for the operators of the four types of dry dock facilities: fl oating dry docks, graving docks, marine railways, and vertical lifts. As a result, some facili-ties have been operated and maintained without a thorough underst
29、and-ing of the design of the dry dock and, therefore, the features that are vital to the safe operation of the facility.Several dry dock failures in recent years have underscored the need for understanding and vigilance when operating and maintaining dry docks. The most vivid example occurred on Mar
30、ch 27, 2002, at Dubai Dry Dock No. 2, one of the worlds largest ship repair facilities. With fi ve vessels in dock, a section of the gate failed, causing uncontrolled fl ooding of the dock.This manual is intended for commercial entities that inspect, maintain, or operate the types of dry docks addre
31、ssed in this manual, with a capac-ity of 400 long tons or greater. This manual is not applicable to facilities that are certifi ed to MIL-STD-1625 (D)SH (2009) for the drydocking of U.S. Navy ships. Personnel safety requirements are outside the scope of this manual.Four activities are vital to maint
32、aining and operating a dry dock safely. These activities include:Condition Assessment: The condition assessment evaluates the physi-cal condition of the dry dock, reviews design documentation, and performs calculations to determine the capacity of the dry dock in its current condition.Maintenance: M
33、aintenance includes scheduled preventive mainte-nance tasks as well as maintenance to correct defi ciencies that are viiviii PREFACEidentifi ed through a condition assessment, a preventive maintenance task, a control inspection, or during dock operations.Control Inspection: The control inspection is
34、 a comprehensive but qualitative review of the dry dock facility to evaluate the effectiveness of the maintenance program in keeping the dry dock in a condition to support operating at the rated capacity as determined in the condition assessment. This is effectively an audit of the maintenance progr
35、am.Dock Operations: Dock operations encompass all tasks associated with the act of docking a vessel in a dry dock. This includes, but is not limited to, calculations to ensure the stability of the vessel and dock throughout the evolution; proper blocking to ensure proper loading of both the vessel a
36、nd dock; and procedure requirements.Sections of this manual are dedicated to each of these activities. The goal is to provide a cost-effective program that provides guidance to maintain and operate a dry dock in a safe manner.APPLICABLE DOCUMENTSANSI/AF however, it does require the continual cost of
37、 operating and maintaining the drainage system throughout the life of the dock.1.1.2.3 Partially Relieved Graving Dock. A partially relieved graving dock requires relief of the hydrostatic force under the fl oor slab only. The walls are designed for a full hydrostatic head of water. A sheet-pile cut
38、off wall is typically driven at the perimeter of the fl oor slab to reduce seepage under the slab. This type of dock also requires the continual cost of oper-ating and maintaining the drainage system throughout the life of the dock.1.1.2.4 Closure Gates. All graving docks have a closure gate that is
39、 removed from its seat to allow a vessel to enter or exit the dock and is put in place to dewater the dock. The two major types of gates are caisson gates and hinged gates, each with various implementations.1.1.2.4.1 Caisson Gates. Caisson gates are structures that are either fl oated or rolled to b
40、e removed from the entrance to a graving dock. The fl oating caisson gate is probably the most widely used closure gate for graving docks. Floating caisson gates contain trim tanks to ballast the gate. Controlling the ballast water requires pumps, typically located on the machinery deck inside the g
41、ate.1.1.2.4.2 Hinged Gates. Hinged gates have been implemented with either side or bottom hinges. This type of gate is fast operating. However, major repairs require removal of the gate, which is typically diffi cult and costly.1.1.3 Marine RailwayA marine railway is a mechanical means of hoisting a
42、 ship out of the water along an inclined track (Fig. 1-5). This type of dry dock consists of a cradle that rides on inclined rails that extend from shore into the water. The cradle is moved by a hauling chain driven by a winch (Fig. 1-6). A marine railway is fast operating and has relatively low ini
43、tial cost. However, the mechanical system requires periodic replacement of some moving parts such as the hauling chain and cradle rollers. Additionally, underwater maintenance of the tracks is required. The tracks are also 6 SAFE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF DRY DOCK FACILITIESFigure 1-5. Marine rai
44、lway. U.S. Coast Guard photo by PA2 Kyle Niemi.Figure 1-6. Marine railway components.prone to damage, particularly in the tidal zone where debris can impact the tracks.1.1.4 Vertical LiftA vertical lift is a mechanical device for hoisting a ship out of the water vertically (Fig. 1-7). It consists of
45、 a platform, a series of synchronous hoists, and hoist support piers (Fig. 1-8). The platform is lowered into the water. The vessel is then fl oated over the platform and the synchronized BACKGROUND 7Figure 1-7. Vertical lift. Courtesy of Heger Dry Dock, Holliston, MA.Figure 1-8. Vertical lift compo
46、nents.hoists raise the platform and vessel out of the water. A vertical lift is a fast operating dry dock and can be equipped with a rail system to transfer vessels from the platform onto shore. However, the maintenance costs are relatively high.8 SAFE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF DRY DOCK FACILITIE
47、S1.2 TERMS USED IN THIS MANUALAltar A stepwise change in the wall thickness of a graving dock. This allows a greater wall thickness at the base to resist overturning while reducing the volume of construction materials.Anode A sacrifi cial zinc or aluminum ingot attached to a hull or other steel elem
48、ent to help prevent corrosion of the steel.Ballast Liquid or solid mass loaded on a vessel, dry dock closure gate, or fl oating dry dock to improve stability and trim. Temporary ballast is usually water stored in dedicated tanks. Permanent ballast is usually solid lead cast-ings or concrete.Block Lo
49、ad The force on a keel or side block due to gravity and seismic and wind forces acting on a vessel.Bollard A mooring bit, usually located alongside the top of a dry dock wall.Breasthook Horizontal plate brackets connecting oppo-site sides of hull plating at the ends of a caisson gate.Bulkhead (1) A vertical structural partition dividing a vessels interior into various compartments for strength and safety purposes. (2) Term applied to vertical partition walls subdivid-ing the interior of a vessel, clos
