1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 129Mooring of Shipsto Piers and WharvesPrepared bythe Mooring Analysis Task Committeeof the Technical Committee on Ports and Harbors ofthe Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute ofthe American Society of Civil EngineersEdited byJohn W. Gayth
2、waite, P.E.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCoasts, Oceans, Ports and Rivers Institute (American Society of Civil Engineers). TechnicalCommittee on Ports and Harbors. Mooring Analysis Task Committee.Mooring of ships to piers and wharves / prepared by the Mooring Analysis TaskCommitt
3、ee of the Technical Committee on Ports and Harbors of the Coasts, Oceans, Ports,and Rivers Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers ; edited by John W.Gaythwaite, P.E.pages cm. (ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice ; no. 129)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN
4、978-0-7844-1355-5 (soft cover : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7844-7842-4 (e-book pdf)1. Mooring of ships. 2. Piers. 3. Wharves. I. Gaythwaite, John, editor. II. Title.VK361.C63 2014627.3dc232014014378Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia, 20191-4382www.a
5、sce.org/bookstore|ascelibrary.orgAny statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and donot necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statementmade herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, proce
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10、p:/cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http:/ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link.Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at http:/dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413555Copyright 2014 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1355-5 (paper)ISBN 978-0-7844-7842-4
11、(PDF)Manufactured in the United States of America.21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 1 2 3 4 5Cover photo credit: Appledore Marine Engineering, LLC.MANUALS AND REPORTSON ENGINEERING PRACTICE(As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee, July 1930,and revised March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982
12、)A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation offacts on a particular subject, supplemented by an analysis of limitationsand applications of these facts. It contains information useful to theaverage engineer in his or her everyday work, rather than findings thatmay be useful
13、 only occasionally or rarely. It is not in any sense a“standard,” however; nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to providea “rule of thumb” for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpresses only one persons observations or opinions), is the wor
14、k of acommittee or group selected to assemble and express information on aspecific topic. As often as practicable the committee is under the directionof one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the productevolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of theDivision
15、or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposedmanuscripts are often brought before the members of the TechnicalDivisions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis forimprovement. When published, each work shows the names of thecommittees by which it was compiled and indic
16、ates clearly the severalprocesses through which it has passed in review, so that its merit may bedefinitely understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982), the Board of Directionvoted to establish a series titled “Manuals and Reports on EngineeringPractice,” to include the Manuals published
17、 and authorized to date, futureManuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice. Allsuch Manual or Report material of the Society would have been refereedin a manner approved by the Board Committee on Publications andwould be bound, with applicable discussion, in books similar t
18、o pastManuals. Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuationof present Manual numbers. In some cases of joint committee reports,bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.A list of available Manuals of Practice can be found at http:/www.asce.org/bookstore.This page intentionall
19、y left blank CONTENTSPREFACE viiCONTRIBUTORS. ixNOTATION. xi1. INTRODUCTION. 11.1 Purpose and Scope. 11.2 General Considerations. 21.3 Vessel Characteristics. 31.4 Port Facilities. 101.5 Mooring Arrangements. 111.6 Industry Standards. 152. MOORING PRACTICE AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. 192.1 General Cons
20、iderations. 192.2 Environmental Conditions 212.3 Design Vessels and Berth Occupancy 282.4 Design Criteria 292.5 Allowable Loads and Factors of Safety. 333. MOORING SYSTEM COMPONENTS. 353.1 Mooring Lines. 353.2 Fittings and Hardware 383.3 Dockside Equipment 433.4 Fender Systems. 453.5 Docking Aid and
21、 Monitoring Systems 483.6 Mechanical and Automated Mooring Systems. 503.7 Shipboard Equipment 51v4. FORCES ON MOORED VESSELS. 534.1 General Considerations. 534.2 Wind Forces 564.3 Current Forces. 644.4 Passing Vessel Forces 704.5 Wave Forces 754.6 Seiche and Long Wave Effects 804.7 Tide and Draft Ch
22、anges and Vessel Movementsat Berth. 834.8 Ice 865. MOORING ANALYSIS METHODS 895.1 Static Mooring Analysis 895.2 Dynamic Mooring Analysis 985.3 Available Software. 1125.4 Physical Models 1176. OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 1196.1 General Considerations. 1196.2 Vessel Movements 1196.3 Incidents/Breakaway
23、s . 1276.4 Maintenance. 131APPENDIX. UNIT CONVERSIONS 135REFERENCES 137INDEX. 145vi CONTENTSPREFACEAt the fall 2001 meeting of the ASCE Technical Committee on Ports andHarbors of the Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute (COPRI), RobertN. Robertson recommended that a task committee be establis
24、hed toprepare a document on mooring analysis for fixed piers and wharves. Anew committee proposal was submitted in December 2001, and the firstmeeting of the mooring analysis task committee was held in March 2002.Robert Robertson was selected as chairman and Martin Eskijian assecretary. The committe
25、e discussed many topics and issues and addedmuch since the original series of meetings. In April 2007 the chairmanshippassed to John W. Gaythwaite at the direction of the Ports and HarborCommittee of COPRI, and the focus of the group subsequently became thedevelopment of an ASCE Manual of Practice (
26、MOP) for the mooring ofships at fixed harbor facilities.The purpose of this MOP is to provide designers of piers and wharvesand other fixed marine facility structures with the necessary backgroundand resource information to ensure that their structure designs are soundand adequate and provide a safe
27、 berth for the types of vessels to beaccommodated. This is necessary because currently no single buildingcode or standard specifically addresses the design of berthing andmooring facilities in general, and the guideline documents that do existhave varying requirements for specific facility types. In
28、 addition, manycostly mooring incidents have occurred, emphasizing the need for a betterunderstanding of mooring design principles. The chairman wishes tothank all of those involved in this process and trusts that the guidanceprovided herein will provide useful and timely information to the portengi
29、neering community.viiThis page intentionally left blank CONTRIBUTORSWoosuk “Willy” Ahn, Ph.D., P.E.Ronald Byres, P.E., P.Eng.Martin L. Eskijian, P.E., D.PEScott Fenical, P.E.John Flory, P.E.John W. Gaythwaite, P.E., D.PE, D.CE, Chair and EditorJohn R. Headland, P.E.Robert N. Robertson, P.E., Past Ch
30、airEric Smith, Ph.D., P.E.Stanley M. White, P.E., P.Eng., D.PE, D.CEBlue Ribbon PanelGary Greene, P.E., Gary Greene EngineersMads Jorgensen, P.E., Moffatt Nichol, Inc.Sandra D. Rice, P.E., SDR Analytics and Maritime, LLCixThis page intentionally left blank NOTATIONAcronyms and AbbreviationsACI Ameri
31、can Concrete InstituteADCP acoustic doppler current profilerAISC American Institute of Steel Constructionbbl barrelBCM bow-to-center manifoldBSI British Standards InstituteBWL beam at waterlineCCW counter clockwiseCEM Coastal Engineering Manualcg center of gravityCOPRI Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Riv
32、ers InstituteCRREL Cold Regions Research and Engineering LaboratoryCW clockwiseDAS docking aid systemDGPS differential global positioning systemDoD U.S. Department of DefenseDOF degree of freedomDT displacement tonnageDWL design waterlineDWT deadweight tonnage (kDWT 1,000DWT)EAU Committee for Waterf
33、ront Structures, Harbors, andWaterways (Germany)FB freeboardFC fiber coreFDD floating dry dockFDS fully developed seaFS factor of safetyFWD forwardxiGM vessel metacentric heightGRT gross registered tonnageHCF hydrodynamic coefficient fileHMPE high modulus polyethyleneIACS International Association o
34、f Classification SocietiesIFG infragravityIMO International Maritime OrganizationISO International Standards InstituteIWRC independent wire rope coreJONSWAP Joint North Sea Wave ProjectLAT lowest astronomical tideLBP length between perpendicularsLNG liquefied natural gas carrierLOA length overallLPG
35、 liquefied petroleum gasLPM length of parallel mid-bodyLWL length on the waterlineLWT light-weight tonnageMARIN Maritime Research Institute NetherlandsMBL minimum breaking loadMEG-3 Marine Equipment Guidelines,3rdEditionMLI moment to list one inchMLLW mean lower low waterMOT marine oil terminalsMOTE
36、MS marine oil terminals engineering and maintenancestandardsMTI moment to trim one inchNAVD North American Vertical DatumNAVFAC Naval Facilities Engineering CommandNAVSEA U.S. Naval Sea Systems CommandNCL Norwegian Cruise LinesNFESC Naval Facilities Engineering Service CenterNGVD National Geodetic V
37、ertical DatumNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOS National Ocean SurveyNRT net registered tonnageOBO ore-bulk oilOCIMF Oil Companies International Marine ForumOTC Offshore Technology ConferencePIANC Permanent International Association of NavigationCongressesQRH quick-release moori
38、ng hooksRANS Reynolds Averaged Navier StokesRAO response amplitude operatorxii NOTATIONRC Royal CarribeanRMS root mean squareROM Spanish Guidelines on Marine StructuresRO-RO roll on-roll offRTK real-time kinematic global positioning systemSG spheroidal graphiteSLR sea level riseSNAME Society of Nava
39、l Architects and Marine EngineersSPM single point mooringSTS ship to shipSWL safe working load or still water levelTEU 20-ft equivalent container unitUFC Unified Facilities CriteriaUHMW-PE ultra-high molecular weight polyethyleneUKC under-keel clearanceULCC ultra large crude carrierUSACE U.S. Army C
40、orps of EngineersVLCC very large crude carrierWIS Wave Information StudyWMO World Meteorological OrganizationSymbolsAC3area (further defined by subscript in text)B beam (vessel width)CC3coefficient (further defined by subscript in text)D alternate symbol for vessel draft (see also T)Dshull depthd wa
41、ter depthEC3modulus of elasticityEpencounter probabilitye eccentricityFC3force (further defined by subscript in text)g acceleration of gravityHC3wave height (further defined by subscript in text)h heighthsostandoff force pressure headKC3spring constant (further defined by subscript)k wave number 2=L
42、L wave lengthMC3mass (further defined by subscript in text)Mym yaw momentm number of breast lines or mass matrixN total number of wavesNOTATION xiiin number or exponentq number of spring linesR Reynolds numberT vessel draft (see also D)TC3wave period or line tension (further defined bysubscript)Trre
43、turn periodt timeUccurrent velocityVwwind velocityW channel width or widthX surge of vesselx displacement, rotation, vectorY sway of vesselz elevation or deptha mooring line angle in plan viewb mooring line vertical angleg unit weightD vessel displacementd deflection or elastic elongation of mooring
44、 lineu angle of yawC16 wave amplituder mass or fluid density wave potential (defined by subscript)w angle of pitchc angle of roll (or heel)v radian wave frequencyxiv NOTATIONCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPEThe purpose of this manual is to provide general guidance to determineforces acting
45、upon piers, wharves, and other fixed structures such asberthing and mooring dolphins due to berthed vessels and to providebackground for safe and efficient fixed mooring design practice. Theultimate goal is to provide vessels with a “safe berth” with adequate andsound mooring structures and arrangem
46、ents. This manual is not,however, intended to be a complete, standalone mooring analysis andpier design document, because the subject matter is too complex and thevariety of vessel and facility types with specific requirements is too wide.The reader is directed to the various important documents tha
47、t cover theseareas as introduced in the last section of this chapter and referred tothroughout this manual.Ships were once much smaller than they are today. Ports providedmooring accessories on wharves and piers based on a local standard,which proved adequate through many years of experience. Ship c
48、aptainsand pilots could direct the line handlers to tie up a ship in accordance withyears of experience as mariners and based on tradition. However, shipsbuilt today are increasingly larger and more complex such as tankers,container ships, roll on-roll off (RO-RO), ships, bulk carriers, cruiseships,
49、 military vessels, etc. These ships typically have a larger areaexposed to wind and deeper draft hulls exposed to current and passingship effects. Old standards and methods are often inadequate, andanalytical methods have been developed to determine mooring forces andoptimize the arrangement of mooring lines. Safe mooring also includes1limiting the movement of the ship in berth. Preventing parted lines andship breakaways is another goal of performing a mooring analysis.This Manual of Practice p
