1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 130Waterfront FacilitiesInspection andAssessmentWaterfront Facility Inspection CommitteeEdited byRonald E. Heffron, P.E.Sponsored byTechnical Committee on Ports and Harbors of theCoasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute of theAmerican Society
2、of Civil EngineersLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataWaterfrontfacilitiesinspectionandassessment/preparedbytheWaterfrontFacilityInspectionCommitteeoftheTechnicalCommitteeonPortsandHarborsoftheCoasts,Oceans,Ports,andRivers Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers ; edited b
3、y Ronald E. Heffron, P.E.pages cm. (ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice ; no. 130)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-7844-1357-9 (print : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7844-7843-1 (PDF) 1. HarborsInspectionUnited States. 2. Hydraulic structuresInspectionUnited States. I.
4、Heffron,Ronald E., editor. II. Coasts, Oceans, Ports and Rivers Institute (American Society of CivilEngineers). Waterfront Facility Inspection Committee.TC223.W38 2015627.24dc232014030884Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia, 20191-4382www.asce.org
5、/bookstore|ascelibrary.orgAnystatementsexpressedinthesematerialsarethoseoftheindividualauthorsanddonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofASCE,whichtakesnoresponsibilityforanystatementmadeherein. No reference made in this publication to any specic method, product, process, orserviceconstitutesorimpliesane
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9、ermissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCEpublications can be requested by sending an e-mail to permissionsasce.org or by locatinga title in ASCEs Civil Engineering Database (http:/cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http:/ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link.Errata
10、: Errata, if any, can be found at http:/dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413579Copyright 2015 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1357-9 (print)ISBN 978-0-7844-7843-1 (PDF)Manufactured in the United States of America.22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 1 2 3 4 5MANUALS AND RE
11、PORTSON ENGINEERING PRACTICE(As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee, July 1930,and revised March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982)A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation offactsonaparticularsubject,supplementedbyananalysisoflimitationsandapplications
12、 of these facts. It contains information useful to the averageengineerinhisorhereverydaywork,ratherthanndingsthatmaybeusefulonlyoccasionallyorrarely.Itisnotinanysensea“standard,”however;noris it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thumb” fornonengineers.Furthermore, material in t
13、his series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpresses only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of acommittee or group selected to assemble and express information on aspecictopic.Asoftenaspracticablethecommitteeisunderthedirectionofone or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils
14、, and the productevolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of theDivision or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposedmanuscripts are often brought before the members of the Technical Divi-sionsandCouncilsforcomment,whichmayserveasthebasisforimprove-ment. When
15、published, each work shows the names of the committees bywhich it was compiled and indicates clearly the several processes throughwhichithaspassedinreview,sothatitsmeritmaybedenitelyunderstood.InFebruary1962(andrevisedinApril1982),theBoardofDirectionvotedtoestablishaseriestitled“ManualsandReportsonE
16、ngineeringPractice,”toinclude the Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manuals ofProfessionalPractice,andReportsonEngineeringPractice.AllsuchManualor Report material of the Society would have been refereed in a mannerapproved by the Board Committee on Publications and would be bound,with
17、 applicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numberingwould be consecutive and would be a continuation of present Manualnumbers. In some cases of joint committee reports, bypassing of Journalpublications may be authorized.A list of available Manuals of Practice can be found at http:/www
18、.asce.org/bookstore.This page intentionally left blank WATERFRONT FACILITY INSPECTION COMMITTEERonald E. Heffron, P.E., D.PE, ChairmanNoah Elwood, SecretaryTerry BrowneBill BruinElizabeth BurkhartAndrew CairnsSean ChapmanSteve CurtisJohn DaleyFrank DavidsonAnna DixJoshua JohnsonBryan JonesIkaika Kin
19、caidShawn LindmarkMatthew MartinezTodd MitchellBruce OstboRalph PetereitHeath PopeKirk RidenCharlie RobertsPaul RobertsCraig SamsAlberto SanchezShelley SommerfeldTom SpencerWarren StewartErling VegsundBLUE RIBBON REVIEW PANELLee Barco, APM TerminalsRichard Jenkins, Port of SeattleAngel Lim, Port of
20、Los AngelesWilliam Stahlman, Americas Central PortPhilip Vitale, Naval Facilities Engineering CommandThis page intentionally left blank CONTENTSPREFACE xi1. INTRODUCTION 11.1 Intent of the Manual 11.2 Importance of Inspections. 31.3 How to Use this Manual. 41.4 Limitations of Responsibility 41.5 Sig
21、nicant Changes and Owners Responsibilities. 51.6 Limits of Inspection. 61.7 Terminology 71.8 Organization. 82. STANDARDS OF PRACTICE 92.1 Type and Frequency of Inspections. 92.2 Selection of the Proper Inspection Type. 212.3 Service Life Modeling: Purpose and Value 212.4 Minimum Qualications of Insp
22、ection Personnel. 262.5 Element-Level Damage Rating. 282.6 Overall System Ratings. 592.7 Recommended Action Guidelines. 663. SCOPE OF INSPECTION WORK 693.1 General. 693.2 Routine Inspections 713.3 Repair or Upgrade Design Inspections. 913.4 New Construction Inspections. 953.5 Baseline Inspections. 9
23、83.6 Due Diligence Inspections 1003.7 Special Inspections. 1023.8 Repair Construction Inspections 1023.9 Post-Event Inspections. 104vii4. SERVICE LIFE ESTIMATION 1074.1 General. 1074.2 Importance of Accurate Estimations. 1074.3 State of the Art 1084.4 Corrosion Zones. 1094.5 Concrete Facilities 1094
24、.6 Steel Facilities 1164.7 Timber Facilities . 1245. DOCUMENTATION AND REPORTING 1275.1 General. 1275.2 Routine Inspection Report 1285.3 Documentation. 1306. ADMINISTRATIVE CONSIDERATIONS. 1336.1 Agreements. 1336.2 Insurance . 1346.3 Certicates of Insurance 138APPENDIX A. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR
25、SPECIFICSTRUCTURE TYPES AND SYSTEMS 139A.1 Introduction . 139A.2 Open-Piled Structures. 139A.3 Relieving Platforms. 156A.4 Bulkheads and Retaining Walls 158A.5 Seawalls and Revetments. 163A.6 Gravity Block Walls 166A.7 Caissons, Cofferdams, and Cellular Structures 173A.8 Paving Adjacent to Quaywalls
26、, Bulkheads, and OtherRetaining Structures 179A.9 Floating Structures 186A.10 Mooring Hardware and Fender Systems 192A.11 Mooring Buoy Systems 203A.12 Wave Screens and Attenuators. 215A.13 Waterfront Security Barriers 219A.14 Coatings and Cathodic Protection Systems 220A.15 Marina and Small Craft Ha
27、rbor Components 226A.16 Gangways. 233A.17 Boat Ramps 237A.18 Marine Railways 239A.19 Bullrails, Ladders, and Safety Features 240A.20 Crane Rails, Trenching, and Cables. 243A.21 Waterfront Utility Systems 244A.22 Anchors and Chains. 251viii CONTENTSAPPENDIX B. TYPES AND CAUSES OF DEFECTS 253B.1 Intro
28、duction 253B.2 Concrete Structures . 253B.3 Steel Structures. 271B.4 Timber Structures 277B.5 Masonry Structures . 283B.6 Composite Structural Components. 288B.7 Coating and Wrap Systems 290B.8 Load Isolators and Bearings. 292B.9 Undermining or Scour 294APPENDIX C. OVERVIEW OF SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUES
29、. 297C.1 Introduction 297C.2 Infrared Thermography 299C.3 Ground-Penetrating Radar. 301C.4 Acoustic Emission. 304C.5 Steel Reinforcement Testing . 305C.6 Schmidt Hammer 307C.7 Impact-Echo Testing . 308C.8 Windsor Probe. 309C.9 Half-Cell Testing Corrosion Survey . 309C.10 Chloride Ion Testing. 312C.1
30、1 Material Sampling. 313C.12 Ultrasonic Testing 317C.13 Liquid Penetrant 320C.14 Magnetic Particle. 322C.15 Structure Monitoring Systems. 325C.16 Unknown Foundation Investigation 329C.17 Underwater Acoustic Imaging and Channel BottomSoundings. 331C.18 Microbial-Induced Corrosion 338APPENDIX D. INSPE
31、CTION NOMENCLATURE 341D.1 Data Collection Nomenclature 341D.2 Reporting Nomenclature 342APPENDIX E. GLOSSARY.347REFERENCES367INDEX. 371CONTENTS ixThis page intentionally left blank PREFACEThis manual provides guidelines and methodology for conducting engi-neering inspections and assessments of exist
32、ing waterfront facilities con-structed of materials including concrete, masonry, metals, composites, andwood; and located in near-shore, waterfront, and inland locations exposedto fresh or seawater. It also presents guidelines representing standards ofpractices, documentation and reporting, and admi
33、nistrative considerationsforvariousinspectiontypes,includingroutine,structuralrepairorupgradedesign, new construction, baseline, due diligence, special, repair construc-tion, and post-event inspections.The extensive appendices provide guidelines for special considerationsfor specic structure types a
34、nd systems, the types and causes of defects,specialized instruction techniques, inspection nomenclature, and an exten-sive glossary of key terms.xiThis page intentionally left blank CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 INTENT OF THE MANUALThe intent of this Manual of Practice is to provide guidelines andmethodo
35、logy for conducting engineering inspections and assessments ofexisting waterfront facilities constructed of materials including concrete,masonry, metals, composites, and wood; and located in near-shore, water-front, and inland locations exposed to fresh or seawater. It includes, but isnot limited to
36、 Piers (jetties), Wharves (quays), Dolphins, Bulkheads (quay walls), Seawalls, Relieving platforms, Gravity block walls, Caissons and cofferdams, Wave screens/attenuators, Marinas, Boat ramps, Marine railways, Floating structures, Single-point and multi-buoy moorings (SPMs, MBMs, etc.), and Slope pr
37、otection.The scope of the inspections covered in this manual includes xedutilities, equipment, mooring hardware, topside paving and drainage,safety features, and appurtenances typically associated with waterfront1assets and excludes specialty items such as container cranes and materialofoading/conve
38、yance equipment. The intent of the manual is to cover allaspects of waterfront structures in one document without the need torefer to multiple references.Forconvenience,thismanualwillusetheterm“waterfrontstructures”torefer to any of the types of structures listed, where appropriate and notspecically
39、 limited. This manual is not concerned with bridges, dams,hydraulic structures, offshore (deep water) structures, offshore oil/gasplatforms, or nuclear facilities. In addition, dry docks are excluded becausethey are covered comprehensively by ASCE Manual of Practice 121 “SafeOperation and Maintenanc
40、e of Dry Dock Facilities” (2010).A structural inspection and condition assessment of a waterfront facilitycan be undertaken for one or more purposes, including Determining the existing or baseline condition, Recommending and prioritizing maintenance and repair actions, Determining suitability and se
41、rviceability for specic uses and loads, Assessing life safety, Extending the useful service life, Preserving historic facilities, Establishing a baseline condition for change of ownership or legalpurposes, and Identifying issues for a number of special purposes based on thespecic structure and its c
42、urrent or proposed function.One of the primary objectives of this manual is to provide guidance onvarious inspection types and how to match specic inspection types toproject needs. Often inspections are conducted as part of a larger AssetManagementProgrambyanowner.Theprimaryreasonsforestablishingana
43、sset management program include: Providing an effective tool to assist owners in prioritizing mainte-nance resources, Establishing a protocol to enhance the safety and integrity of assets, Ensuring tenants of a proactive plan for the maintenance of water-front assets, and Respondingtothemandatesofin
44、suranceorregulatoryrequirements.This manual presents guidelines for assessment procedures, includinginspection, investigation, evaluation and testing methods, and a generalformat for an assessment report. Specic inspection techniques are beyondthe scope of this manual, because the inspection personn
45、el are presumed topossess the requisite knowledge based on their qualications. Becausecondition assessments typically require “engineering judgment” and in-volve factors and circumstances too numerous to be readily dened andstandardized, this manual is intended as a guide to be used by the2 WATERFRO
46、NT FACILITIES INSPECTION AND ASSESSMENTprofessional engineer as part of a structural condition assessment. Theadoption or use of some or all recommendations contained in this manualby personnel not experienced or qualied in the appropriate areas ofwaterfront structures is not an acceptable substitut
47、e for the use of qualiedprofessional engineering services.The scope of this manual is limited to the engineering and technicalrequirements for conducting above water and underwater facility assess-ments.Diving proceduresandrelated safetyissuesarenotwithinthescopeof this manual; however, the very nat
48、ure of the work, in addition torequiring technical competence, also requires proper training and prepara-tion. This training is necessary to offset the inherent special hazards and toallow the safe operation of special underwater equipment and techniques,breathing apparatus, and special suits. Such
49、special hazards may includedifferential pressures, high-velocity water ow, zero-visibility conditions,underwater entanglement hazards, conned space entries, equipmenttag-out/lock-out procedures, penetration diving, contaminated waterdiving, and diving-related sickness/injury problems such as embolisms,the bends, nitrogen narcosis, physical exhaustion, etc. It is therefore imper-ative that applicable safety and training requirements be adhered
