1、Pipeline Infrastructure CommitteeEdited byMohammad Najafi, Ph.D., P.E.; and Mario Perez, Ph.D.Renewal of Potable Water PipesASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 132ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 132Renewal of PotableWater PipesPipeline Infrastructure CommitteeEd
2、ited byMohammad Naja, Ph.D., P.E.Mario Perez, Ph.D.Sponsored by thePipelines Division of theAmerican Society of Civil EngineersPublished by the American Society of Civil EngineersLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataRenewal of potable water pipes / prepared by the Pipeline Infrastructur
3、e Committee of thePipelines Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers ; edited by Mohammad Naja,Ph.D., P.E. Mario Perez, Ph.D.pages cm. (ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice ; no. 132)Includes bibliographical references and indexISBN 978-0-7844-1374-6 (print : alk. paper) ISBN
4、978-0-7844-7868-4 (PDF : alk. paper)1. Water-pipesFlushing. I. Naja,Mohammad. II. Perez,Mario,1958- III. AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers. Pipeline Infrastructure Committee.T491.R46 2015628.15dc232014030192Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20
5、191-4382www.asce.org/bookstore | ascelibrary.orgAny statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do notnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofASCE,whichtakesnoresponsibilityforanystatementmadeherein. No reference made in this publication to any specic method, product, proce
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10、 the “Permissions” link.Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at http:/dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413746Copyright 2016 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1374-6 (print)ISBN 978-0-7844-7868-4 (PDF)Manufactured in the United States of America.22212019181716 12
11、345MANUALS AND REPORTS ONENGINEERING PRACTICE(As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee, July 1930,and revised March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982)A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation offactsonaparticularsubject,supplementedbyananalysisoflimitatio
12、nsandapplications of these facts. It contains information useful to the averageengineerinhisorhereverydaywork,ratherthanndingsthatmaybeusefulonlyoccasionallyorrarely.Itisnotinanysensea“standard,”however;noris it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thumb” fornonengineers.Furthermo
13、re, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpresses only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of acommittee or group selected to assemble and express information on aspecictopic.Asoftenaspracticable,thecommitteeisunderthedirectionofoneormoreofthetechnicaldivisionsa
14、ndcouncils,andtheproductevolvedhas been subjected to review by the executive committee of the division orcouncil. As a step in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts areoftenbroughtbeforethemembersofthetechnicaldivisionsandcouncilsforcomment,whichmayserve asthebasisforimprovement.Whenpubli
15、shed,each work shows the name of the committee that compiled it and indicatesclearly the several processes through which it has passed in review, so thatits merit may be denitely understood.InFebruary1962(andrevisedinApril1982),theBoardofDirectionvotedtoestablishaseriestitled“ManualsandReportsonEngi
16、neeringPractice,”toinclude the Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manuals ofProfessionalPractice,andReportsonEngineeringPractice.AllsuchManualor Report material of the Society would have been refereed in a mannerapproved by the Board Committee on Publications and would be bound,with ap
17、plicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numberingwould be consecutive and would be a continuation of present Manualnumbers. In some cases of joint committee reports, bypassing of Journalpublications may be authorized.A list of available Manuals of Practice can be found at http:/www.as
18、ce.org/bookstore.This page intentionally left blankPIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE COMMITTEE (PINS)John F. Jurgens, P.E., M.ASCE, Senior Civil Engineer Specialist, City ofSeattle (Chair)EditorsMohammad Naja, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, Director, Center for UndergroundInfrastructure Research and Education (CUIRE),
19、Department of CivilEngineering, The University of Texas at ArlingtonMario Perez,Ph.D.,Staff Scientist, Electronicshowever, they do not include pipe bursting and replacement. Renewal andrehabilitation include all aspects of upgrading performance of a hostpipeline with an improved or new design life.
20、Pipe bursting can be usedto replace water pipelines and is used particularly to upsize the capacity ofa host pipe. Pipe bursting can also be used in situations where open-cut(OC) techniques on the entire stretch of the pipeline are not possible orwhere excavation is very expensive and social costs o
21、f using the open-cutmethod or installing a parallel line are high. ASCE MOP No. 112 presentspipe bursting and replacement methods using trenchless technology indetail, and the reader is referred to this manual for more information onthese techniques.1Although not a trenchless method, open-cut always
22、 needs to be consid-ered as an option for pipe replacement. Open-cut involves disturbing theground (both surface and subsurface) and requires potentially costlypavement repair or replacement and/or proper disposal of any contami-nated soil that might be discovered. Compared with a trenchless method,
23、OC is often more costly and takes more time to complete (Naja 2013).Most of the extra cost of OC over trenchless methods (approximately 70%of the open-cut costs) is for restoration of the site, shoring installation andremoval, trafc control, backll, and embedment and compaction, andthere is a possib
24、ility of pipe damage during compaction and embedmentefforts.The OCmethod can also disrupt trafc and damage treesand greenareas (refer to Naja 2005, for more information).1.2 CHALLENGES AND CONCERNSRenewal and maintenance of buried pipelines is a major challenge facedby engineers, utility owners, and
25、 decision makers. The U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency (USEPA) estimates that nearly $1 trillion will beneeded in critical drinking water and wastewater investments over thenext two decades (ASCE 2013). Efcient management of these fundswill require tools that managers and decision makers can empl
26、oy tooptimally allocate funds and prioritize infrastructure improvements (Debet al. 1999).The deterioration rate of buried pipes is a function of many factors suchas material, age, soil conditions, owing uid composition and its hydrau-lic character, and the frequency or lack of maintenance. Usually
27、thecumulative effects of these different factors rather than each individualfactor determine the condition of the pipe (Fig. 1-1). Pipe failures affectcustomers with service stoppages and trafc disruptions (Kanchwala2010).According to a report by the American Water Works Association(AWWA), both inte
28、rnal and external forces on water mains have majorimpacts on their expected useful life (AWWA 2001 and AWWA 2014).Fig. 1-2 illustrates the deterioration rate over time for cast iron pipes.As shown in Fig. 1-2, water pipes, like any other asset, decrease inperformance level with time. The life of pip
29、es can vary subject to theirenvironment (soils, water quality, internal and external pressures andloads, temperature changes, soil movement, joint condition, etc.). Further-more, each pipe component is part of an integrated system, and itsbehavior may affect the overall service of the pipeline syste
30、m. However,the expectation for quality of service is not constant; for instance, newlegislation, changes in urban development, and customer needs andexpectations may change the quality criteria. The fact that most water2 RENEWAL OF POTABLE WATER PIPESpipes are buried adds complexity and cost to the
31、problem of assessing theircondition. Water pipe asset management is, therefore, a complicated andchallenging matter (Alegre and Cabrera 2006).Beginning in the mid-1800s through the 1950s, most water pipesinstalled in the United States were manufactured from gray cast iron. Insome parts of the countr
32、y, aggressive water has caused deterioratingconditions, reducing the structural integrity of unlined metallic pipes andresulting in the loss of hydraulic capacity due to internal corrosion andtuberculation.Fig. 1-1. Effects of tuberculation, age, and corrosion on water pipesSource: 3M Water Infrastr
33、ucture; reproduced with permissionFig. 1-2. Lifecycle deterioration curve for pipesSource: USEPA (2002)GENERAL INFORMATION 31.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTSAs mentioned in the overview, water pipe renewal or rehabilitation, incontrast to open-trench pipe replacement, minimizes excavation by util
34、iz-ing access pits with minimalimpacts during the process. But it is importantto recognize that there are some impacts with pipe rehabilitation activity aswell. Entry point access may in some cases have some undesirable effects,such as trafc disruptions, dust, and noise. Perhaps the largest disrupti
35、onsfrom rehabilitation construction are caused by temporary service linesplaced along the curb. This exposed piping might be a trafc hazard and apotential target for vandalism.On balance, renewal methods can yield signicant benets and reduceenvironmental and social impacts. The limited work areas th
36、at are typicalof rehabilitation projects mean a decreased need for heavy equipment andless movement of materials and equipment in the work area. Socialbenets of using trenchless renewal instead of open-cut replacement mayincludeReducing the possibility of damage to surrounding utilities, struc-tures
37、, and pavement;Reducing vehicular trafc disruptions;Reducing negative effects on businesses;Enhancing public safety by reducing the amount, size, and durationof open excavations; andDecreasing the time needed to complete the work.1.4 SUSTAINABILITY ISSUESSustainability considerations are increasingl
38、y important in the planning,design, and implementation of construction projects as well as pipelinerenewals. A design engineer must consider the impact of the selectedrenewal product and application process on economic, social, and envi-ronmental sustainabilityconsiderations known as the triple bott
39、om line.As an industry, trenchless and renewal technologies are now in themainstream of sustainable solutions to environmental and infrastructure-related challenges.The1987BruntlandreportfromtheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentand Development (WCED 1987)dened sustainable development as“development that m
40、eets the needs of the present generation withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs”(resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations). Therenewal of water lines should promote practices that are part of infrastruc-ture sustainability.4 RENEWAL OF POTAB
41、LE WATER PIPESLong-term internal corrosion typically found in unlined ferrous mainscan result in tuberculation, thereby reducing the pipes carrying capacityand increasing water-quality issues. The reduction in carrying capacityrequires increasing investments in power and pumping, causing a trade-off
42、 between the reduction in hydraulic capacity and the increased opera-tion and maintenance costs to get water from one point to another.Bacterial growth within tubercles may cause a potential health problem.Along with tuberculation and internal corrosion, a metallic pipe weakensprogressively due to e
43、xternal corrosion. Reductions in pipe strength andincreased pumping pressures can result in pipe ruptures and additionalrepair costs.The USEPA has dened the following four pillars of infrastructuresustainability (USEPA 2014):Bettermanagementof water and wastewater utilities can encompasspractices su
44、ch as asset management and environmental managementsystems. Consolidation and public/private partnerships could alsooffer utilities signicant savings.Full cost pricing ensures that utility rates reect the true cost ofservice and asset maintenance.Efcient water use is critical, particularly in those
45、parts of thecountry undergoing water shortages. Utilities can provide incentivesthrough their water rates to encourage more efcient use of water bycustomers to protect limited water resources. Water wasted includesnot just leakage but also excessive ushing to overcome poor waterquality.Watershed app
46、roaches look more broadly at water resources in acoordinated and regional way.Renewal of water pipes in long-term planning should addresssustainability. Improved decision making, prioritization, and selectionof rehabilitation technologies offer advanced infrastructure managementand watershed approac
47、hes that consider the full impact of alternativesto the environment. Cost-effective solutions such as pipe rehabilita-tion will enhance the ability of water utilities to meet full cost pricingby reducing overall lifecycle costs and providing service more affordablyto customers. Solutions that provid
48、e long-term planning minimize waterloss and therefore provide efcient water use. Replacing water infra-structure is expensive, as are the social costs incurred when infrastruc-ture repeatedly fails. If a system is well maintained, it is more likelyto operate safely over a long period of time. Water
49、utilities shouldhave an ongoing process of inspection, evaluation, maintenance, and re-placement of their water assets to maximize the useful life of theirsystem.GENERAL INFORMATION 51.5 PURPOSE AND SCOPEThe purpose of this Manual of Practice is to provide informationon appropriate renewal technologies with a focus on design, evaluationof candidate methods, and installation. It includes a discussion ofmaterial selection, method applicability and host pipe cleaning andrequirements.1.6 CERTIFICATIONSNational standards regulate materials used f
