1、- I (ti -0 . . Q_ ro n - 0 :J _, ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 78 Structural Fire Protection AMERICAN SOCIETY of CIVIL ENGINEERS ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 78 Structural Fire Protection T. T. Lie, Editor Prepared by the ASCE Committee on Fire Protecti
2、on Structural Division American Society of Civil Engineers E. L. Schaffer, Chairman F. S. Harvey D. B. Jeanes R.H. lding T. T. Lie R. W. Fitzgerald, Past Chairman K. H. Almand J. R. Barnett B. Bresler J. F. Fitzgerald R. P. Fleming W.L.Gamble R.G. Gewain T. D. Lin S. E. Magnusson J. R. Milke M.M. Ru
3、dick Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017-2398 ABSTRACT This manual, Structural Fire Protection: Manual of Practice (Manual and Report# 78), is intended to provide a basis for the development of new standards for the calculation of the fi
4、re resistance of structural members. It provides information on current techniques and developments to improve fire safety in buildings. While it deals mainly with structural fire safety, related subjects are also discussed. The manual consists of two parts. The material in Part 1, which consists of
5、 three chapters, is mainly descriptive. Chapter 1 deals with various aspects related to structural fire protection, including building codes and the role of structural fire protection. Chapter 2 discusses the develop ment of fire in enclosures and the effect of fire on the behavior of concrete, stee
6、l, and wood, including the properties of these materials at elevated temperatures. Chapter 3 describes meth ods for the calculation of the fire resistance of various structural members. Part 2, which consists of Chapters 4 and 5, deals with the development of fire and the calculation of fire resista
7、nce using mathematical models, respectively. It is hoped that, in addition to providing a basis for new standards, this manual will also be useful to architects, engineers, building officials and students in any branch concerned with structural fire safety. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicat
8、ion Data Structural fire protection: manual of practice/T.T. Lie, editor; prepared by the ASCE Committee on Fire Protection, Struc tural Division, American Society of Civil Engineers. p. cm. - (ASCE manuals and reports of engineering practice; no. 78) Includes bibliographical references and index. I
9、SBN 0-87262-888-4 1. Fire prevention. I. Lie, T. T. II. American Society of Civil Engineers. Committee on Fire Protection. Ill. Series. TD9145.S85 1992 693.82-dc20 92-23885 CIP The material presented in this publication has been pre pared in accordance with generally recognized engineering principle
10、s and practices, and is for general information only. This information should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. The contents of this publication are not intended to be and should not be construed to be a stand
11、ard of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and are not intended for use as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, reg ulations, statutes, or any other legal document. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or impl
12、ies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, com pleteness, suitability or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assu
13、mes no liability therefor. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringe ment of any patent or patents. Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair use provi si
14、ons of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transaetional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $1.00 per article plus $.15 per page is paid directly to CCC, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970. The identifi
15、 cation for ASCE Books is 0-87262192. $1 + .15. Requests for special permission or bulk copying should be addressed to Reprints/Permissions Department. Copyright 1992 by the American Society of Civil Engineers, All Rights Reserved. Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 92-23885 ISBN 0-87262-888-4 Man
16、ufactured in the United States of America. MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE (As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Commitee, July 1930, and revised March 1935, February 1962, April 1982) A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation of facts on a particular
17、 subject, supplemented by an analysis of limitations and applications of these facts. It contains information useful to the average engineer in his everyday work, rather than the findings that may be useful only occasionally or rarely. It is not in any sense a “standard,“ however; nor is it so eleme
18、ntary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thumb“ for nonengineers. Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (which expresses only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of a committee or group selected to assemble and express information on a specific topic
19、. As often as practicable the committee is under the direction of one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the product evolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of that Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts are often
20、brought before the members of the Technical Divisions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis for improvement. When published, each work shows the names of the committees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the several processes through which it was compiled and indicates c
21、learly the several processes through which it has passed in review, in order that its merit may be definitely understood. In February 1962 (and revised in April, 1982) the Board of Direction voted to establish: A series entitled Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, to include the Manuals pub
22、lished and authorized to date, future Manuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice. All such Manual or Report material of the Society would have been refereed in a manner approved by the Board Committee on Publications and would be bound, with applicable discussion, in books
23、 similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuation of present Manual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint committees, bypassing of Jounral publications may be autho rized. AVAILABLE* MANUALS AND REPORTS OF ENGINEERING PRACTICE Number 10 13 14 31 33 34 35 36 37
24、 40 41 42 44 45 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 Technical Procedures for City Surveys Filtering Materials for Sewage Treatment Plants Accommodation of Utility Plant Within the Rights-of-Way of Urban Streets and Highways Design of Cylind
25、rical Concrete Shell Roofs Cost Control and Accounting for Civil Engineers Definitions of Surveying and Associated Terms A List of Translations of Foreign Literature on Hydraulics Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers Ground Water Management Plastic D
26、esign in Steel-A Guide and Commentary Design of Structures to Resist Nuclear Weapons Effects Report on Highway and Bridge Surveys Consulting Engineering-A Guide for the Engagement of Engineering Services Report on Pipeline Location Selected Abstracts on Structural Applications of Plastics Urban Plan
27、ning Guide Report on Small Craft Harbors Survey of Current Structural Research Guide for the Design of Steel Transmission Towers Criteria for Maintenance of Multilane Highways Sedimentation Engineering Guide to Employment Conditions for Civil Engineers Subsurface Investigation for Design and Constru
28、ction of Foundations of Buildings Management, Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems Structural Analysis and Design of Nuclear Plant Facilities Computer Pricing Practices Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and Construction Introductory Manual on Computer Services Existing Sewer Eval
29、uation and Rehabilitation Structural Plastics Design Manual Manual on Engineering Surveying Construction Cost Control Structural Plastics Selection Manual Wind Tunnel Model Studies of Buildings and Structures Aeration-A Wastewater Treatment Process Sulfide in Wastewater Collection and Treatment Syst
30、ems Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management Design of Steel Transmission Structures Quality in the Constructed Project-a Guide for Owners, Designers, and Constructors Guidelines for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading Right-of-
31、Way Surveying Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Design and Construction of Urban Stormwater Management Systems Structural Fire Protection Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 38, 39, 43, and 48 are out of print.
32、PREFACE Fire is the primary cause of loss of life and property in buildings in North America. Stimulated by conflagrations in many parts of the world, techniques to control or mitigate the effects of fire have been developed over the last two decades. Significant advances have been made in the devel
33、opment of knowledge of basic fire phenomena and fire dynamics in addition to the development of methods to protect buildings and their occupants against fire. Attention to techniques, materials, and details now enables the designer to confine a fire to only one part of a building, where a few years
34、ago the entire building would have been lost. The ability to prevent spread of fire and to protect the building occupants does not automatically assure fire safety, however. Fire safety measures must be consciously incorporated into the design and con struction processes from the preliminary plannin
35、g to the completion of the construction. While it is possible to improve considerably the fire safety design of buildings, there is a lack in attention on the part of architects and engineers to firesafety provisions (National Commission on Fire Pre vention and Control 1973). One of the reasons cite
36、d is the insufficient availability of training in professional education and practice, leading to lack of or low levels of awareness of the principles and applications of fire protection in buildings. Whereas training is given in numerous institutions in many areas of building design, and many books
37、 and manuals are available in these areas, this is not the case in the area of fire. The main objective of the Manual is to document selected data that over the years have been produced in the area of fire safety and to transfer this knowledge to the building design practitioner. Because the area of
38、 fire safety is very wide, mainly structural fire safety provisions and related subjects are discussed. A considerable amount of research has been carried out in the area of structural fire protection in recent years. The use of numerical tech niques has made it possible to develop mathematical mode
39、ls that sim ulate the behavior of various structural members in fire. A large number of models that calculate the fire resistance of structural members now exists. Most of the models have been programmed for computer processing. Much data on the thermal and mechanical properties of various build ing
40、 materials at elevated temperatures have also been produced in recent years. Knowledge of these properties, which are used as input data for the computer programs, is essential to be able to predict the behavior of structural members during exposure to fire. Methods for estimating the expected sever
41、ity of building fires and temperature-time relations that characterize the severity of these fires have also been developed. At present much information exists for the determination of the required fire protection for various structural members. In the Manual all the subjects mentioned above and sev
42、eral more are discussed. Although the Manual was written with the aim to provide a basis for the development of new standards for the calculation of fire resistance, it is hoped that it will also be used by architects, engineers, building officials, and students in any branch concerned with structur
43、al fire safety. T. T. Lie Principal Research Officer Institute for Research in Construction National Research Council of Canada ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank all who contributed to the Manual. The manual was reviewed by a Peer Review Committee, consisting of the following members: Charl
44、es Culver, Director (Chairman) Office of Construction, Maritime and Health Engineering Support Occupational Safety and Health Administration Washington, D. C. Roger Wildt Construction Marketing Manager Bethlehem Steel Corporation Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Paul R. DeCicco, PE Plainview, New York Thomas
45、 Seymor, Director Office of Safety Standards Programs Occupational Safety and Health Administration Washington, D. C. Robert White, Wood Scientist Fire Safety of Wood Products Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin Daniel Gross, Senior Research Engineer Building and Fire Research Laboratory N
46、ational Institute of Science and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland Contributions to the Manual were received from the concrete, steel, and wood industries, research organizations, universities, and con sulting firms. Authors who made substantial contributions to the var-ious chapters of the Manual a
47、re mentioned in the footnotes to each chapter. Special thanks is extended to the Institute for Research in Construc tion (IRC), National Research Council of Canada, for the provision of considerable staff time during the writing of the manual. The typing and editing of the numerous drafts of the doc
48、ument were conducted by IRCs National Fire Laboratory, and the drawings prepared by IRCs Graphics Unit. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The writing of the Manual was initiated by the Committee on Fire Protection in the Structural Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers. It was written with the aim of
49、providing information on current techniques and developments to improve fire safety in build ings. It deals mainly with structural fire safety, although related subjects are also discussed. The Manual consists of two parts: The objective of Part 1, consisting of Chapters 1-3, is to introduce the subject matter to the building design practitioner who has had no experience with fire other than in work with building codes. The material in this part is mainly descriptive. In Chapter 1, various aspects related to structural fire protection are discussed, including building codes, thei
