1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 79Steel PenstocksSecond EditionPrepared by the Task Committee on Steel Penstock Design of the Pipeline Planning and Design Committee of the Pipeline Division ofthe American Society of Civil EngineersEdited by John H. Bambei Jr., P.E.Published by
2、the American Society of Civil EngineersCataloging-in-Publication Data on fi le with the Library of Congress.Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191www.pubs.asce.orgAny statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors
3、and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibil-ity for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specifi c method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorse-ment, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The mater
4、ials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifi cations, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning
5、the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any infor-mation, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. This information should not be used without fi rst securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or sp
6、ecifi c application. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Offi ce.Photocopies and permissions. Permission t
7、o photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be obtained by sending an e-mail to permissionsasce.org or by locating a title in ASCEs online database (http:/cedb.asce.org) and using the “Permission to Reuse” link. Front cover photo courtesy of National Welding Corp. Back cover photo c
8、ourtesy of Ontario Power Generation. Both have been reproduced with permission.Copyright 2012 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1216-9 (paper)ISBN 978-0-7844-7682-6 (e-book)Manufactured in the United States of America.18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5MANU
9、ALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE(As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee, July 1930, and revised March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982)A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation of facts on a particular subject, supplemented by an analysis of lim
10、itations and applications of these facts. It contains information use-ful to the average engineer in his everyday work, rather than the fi ndings that may be useful only occa-sionally or rarely. It is not in any sense a “standard,” however; nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “r
11、ule of thumb” for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (which expressed only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of a committee or group selected to assemble and express infor-mation on a specifi c topic. As often as practicable the committee
12、is under the direction of one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the product evolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of the Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts are often brought before the members of the Technic
13、al Divisions and Councils for com-ment, which may serve as the basis for improvement. When published, each work shows the names of the committees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the several processes through which it has passed in review, in order that its merit may be defi nitely und
14、erstood.In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Direction voted to establish:A series titled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,” to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice. All suc
15、h Manual or Report material of the Society would have been refereed in a manner approved by the Board Committee on Publications and would be bound, with applicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuation of present Manual numbers. In s
16、ome cases of reports of joint committees, bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE28 Hydrology Handbook, Second Edition45 How to Select and Work Effectively with Consulting Engineers: Getting the Best Project, 2012 Edition50
17、Planning and Design Guidelines for Small Craft Harbors, Revised Edition54 Sedimentation Engineering, Classic Edition60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and Construction, Second Edition62 Existing Sewer Evaluation and Rehabilitation, Third Edition66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Stu
18、dies of Buildings and Structures71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, Second Edition73 Quality in the Constructed Project: A Guide for Owners, Designers, and Constructors, Third Edition74 Guidelines for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading, Third Edition77 Design and Constru
19、ction of Urban Stormwater Management Systems79 Steel Penstocks, Second Edition81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation, Second Edition85 Quality of Ground Water: Guidelines for Selection and Application of Frequently Used Models91 Design of Guyed Electrical Transmission Structures92
20、Manhole Inspection and Rehabilitation, Second Edition94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, and Channels96 Guide to Improved Earthquake Performance of Electric Power Systems97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts and Practice98 Conveyance of Residuals from Water and Wastewater Treatment99 Environmental Site Cha
21、racterization and Remediation Design Guidance100 Groundwater Contamination by Organic Pollutants: Analysis and Remediation101 Underwater Investigation: Standard Practice Manual102 Design Guide for FRP Composite Connections103 Guide to Hiring and Retaining Great Civil Engineers104 Recommended Practic
22、e for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Products for Overhead Utility Line Structures105 Animal Waste Containment in Lagoons106 Horizontal Auger Boring Projects107 Ship Channel Design and Operation, Revised Edition108 Pipeline Design for Installation by Horizontal Directional Drilling109 Biological Nutrient
23、Removal (BNR) Operation in Wastewater Treatment Plants110 Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modeling, and Practice111 Reliability-Based Design of Utility Pole Structures112 Pipe Bursting Projects113 Substation Structure Design Guide114 Performance-Based Design of Structural Steel f
24、or Fire Conditions: A Calculation Methodology115 Pipe Ramming Projects116 Navigation Engineering Practice and Ethical Standards117 Inspecting Pipeline Installation118 Belowground Pipeline Networks for Utility Cables119 Buried Flexible Steel Pipe: Design and Structural Analysis120 Trenchless Renewal
25、of Culverts and Storm Sewers121 Safe Operation and Maintenance of Dry Dock Facilities122 Sediment Dynamics upon Dam Removal123 Prestressed Concrete Transmission Pole Structures: Recommended Practice for Design and InstallationNo. Title No. TitleTASK COMMITTEE ON STEEL PENSTOCK DESIGNJohn H. Bambei J
26、r., P.E., Chair, Denver Water Kyle Couture, P.E., Secretary, American SpiralWeld Pipe, Birmingham, ALCharles S. Ahlgren, P.E., Pacifi c Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco, CARichard E. Barrie, P.E., MWH Americas, Inc., Chicago, ILBob Card, P.E., Lockwood, Andrews internal and external pressure
27、design; economic diameter; shutoff systems; prevention of vibration; wind, snow, and ice loading; earthquake loading; and geologic considerations.1.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSThe design of a safe and cost-effective penstock system requires the consideration of technical, environmental, eco-nomic, and co
28、nstructibility factors. Figure 1-1 shows the fl ow of considerations that affect the design of a penstock system. Detailed considerations, guidelines, criteria, and design methodology are presented in subsequent sections.1.1.1 Required InformationIt is important for the designer to gather as much in
29、forma-tion as possible about the installation. Essential informa-tion includes (1) owner requirements and (2) site-specifi c requirements.1.1.1.1 Owner Requirements The owners installa-tion preference and requirements must be clearly delineated because these preferences affect the overall approach t
30、o the penstock system, including methodology, material selection, and design. Consideration must be given to the following:1. Preferred material and design type;2. Plant operation base load, voltage control peaking, or a combination of both; also important is the likely number of unit operating cycl
31、es (i.e., daily startstop and load change requirement);Source: Photograph courtesy of National Welding Corp.; reproduced with permission.2 steel penstocksFig. 1-1.General considerationsfor penstock design3. Parameters and criteria for determining the annual cost of capital investment and the annual
32、cost of power revenue loss;4. Inspection and maintenance philosophy;5. Applicable internal and governmental guidelines, cri-teria, and design requirements; and6. Legal and political issues, including environmental, permit, and licensing issues.1.1.1.2 Site-Specifi c Requirements Equally impor-tant a
33、re site-specifi c requirements, which affect design by imposing environmental restraints, limitations on size and weight of penstock sections, geologic restraints, hydrologic considerations, and limitations (alignment and support) to the penstock physical layout.Consideration must be given to1. Land
34、 ownership, right-of-way limitations, mineral rights, and limitations relating to excavation and/or quarrying operations;2. Environmental restraints, including aesthetics; fi sh, game, and wildlife preservation; archaeological exca-vations; disposal of material; clearing; and erosion;3. Terrain conf
35、i guration;4. Site geology, hydrology (groundwater conditions), and soils;5. Applicable codes and mandatory requirements; and6. Other site-specifi c considerations.1.1.2 Type of InstallationThe type of installation selected must refl ect the previously stated considerations. A given penstock install
36、ation could include all of the following types:1. Exposed penstock (aboveground),2. Buried pipeline (underground), and3. Steel tunnel liner (underground).Each penstock type has associated design, material, and construction costs.1.1.3 Preliminary StudyThe preliminary study phase is an important phas
37、e of the general design effort and requires an experienced engineer. The fi nal penstock confi guration, alignment, design, and other key requirements and parameters must be determined during this study phase.The engineer must investigate the site conditions and make several layouts of various align
38、ments. Terrain, geo-logic characteristics, and foundation conditions play impor-tant roles during this study phase. Since the ultimate goal of this study phase is to determine the most economic and constructible alignment, it is not necessary to approach the study phase with great precision.1.1.4 Se
39、lected ConceptThe selected penstock confi guration should incorporate material and designs that minimize life-cycle costs, with prudent consideration given to technical, environmental, constructibility, safety, and maintainability issues.1.1.5 Defi nitive DesignThe defi nitive design phase consists
40、of compiling fi nal design-related data, fi nalizing the conduit alignment and layout, and confi rming the fi nal plant operating characteris-tics. Turbine, generator, governor, and closure valve charac-teristics that infl uence water-hammer analysis also must be determined.Defi nitive guidelines an
41、d design criteria must be prepared for1. Physical layout, conduit alignment, supports, and an-chor blocks;2. Material selection for the penstock, tunnel liners, and appurtenances (see Chapter 2);3. Design and service loads (see Chapter 3); and4. Special considerations for manufacturing and fi eld in
42、-stallation.Within each of these defi nitive design groups are the fol-lowing subgroups that form the basis for the design.1.1.5.1 Physical Layout The effort expended during the preliminary study phase for the selected conduit arrange-ment, layout, and alignment now must be refi ned to achieve a wor
43、king concept. These refi nements primarily apply to the following topics.1.1.5.1.1 Pipe Sections The size and weight of “can” sections must be selected to be compatible with the needs and diffi culty of the fi eld installation. Traffi c, shipping, and access limitations and restraints should be cons
44、idered. Customarily, can sections up to 12 ft in diameter, 60 ft long, and weighing from 25 to 40 tons can be shipped and handled reasonably in the fi eld for installation.1.1.5.1.2 Specialty Sections Similar consideration must be given to specialty sections, such as mitered bends, wyes, and tee con
45、nections. Special attention must be given to the detailing of these sections, particularly wyes with external support (girder beam and stiffener rings). These sections quickly become oversize and heavy, making ship-ment and handling diffi cult. The designer must be willing to accept some heavy fi el
46、d welding for these structures and should take this into account when preparing specifi cations and for QA/QC requirements.1.1.5.1.3 Supports Supports must be refi ned to refl ect environmental considerations, can size, geology, and local foundation conditions. Reinforced concrete saddles and steel
47、ring girders are the two most commonly used support types for exposed aboveground installations. Anchor and thrust blocks are special applications of localized support systems. general 34 steel penstocksCable harnesses for suspended pipe that bridges long spans and steel or concrete bent supports ar
48、e some specialty types of supports. The spacing of ring girders is governed by prac-tical considerations. Shell diameter, thickness, and material type have a major infl uence on the spacing, which may range from 40 to 200 ft.Saddles are used in conjunction with stiffened or unstiff-ened steel pipe.
49、Factors to consider in the spacing of saddles include the profi le slope, the maximum acceptable defl ection of the pipe when acting as a beam, the shell stress condi-tions at the saddle support horns, and the foundation con-ditions for the saddle supports. Also, the designer must be aware that above each saddle support, circumferential bend-ing moments develop in the penstock shell and cause the upper portion of an unstiffened pipe to deform. This situa-tion results in an upper shell portion that is ineffe
