1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 96Guide toImproved EarthquakePerformance ofElectric PowerSystemsPrepared byElectric Power and Communications CommitteeTechnical Council on Lifeline Earthquake EngineeringEdited byAnshelJ.SchiffPublished byM*MS American SocietyASCE of Civil Engine
2、ers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191-4400Abstract: The Manual documents methods to improve the earthquake response of electricpower systems. A review of the Manual should raise the awareness and understanding of thevulnerabilities of power system facilities and equipment. The emphasis
3、is on power system ele-ments that have been damaged by earthquakes, primarily high-voltage substation equipment.Power-generating stations, transmission and distribution lines, substations, system communi-cations and control, and ancillary facilities and functions are also discussed. A detailed revie
4、wof earthquake damage to power facilities and suggestions to improve their performance arepresented. The Manual suggests an overall approach to an earthquake mitigation program.Postearthquake emergency response procedures to reduce the disruption from damaged facili-ties are also discussed. The Manu
5、al demonstrates that improved installation practices and othermitigation measures, particularly for new construction and during refurbishment, that are cost-effective in any region with a history of significant earthquakes can be implemented to improveearthquake performance.Library of Congress Catal
6、oging-in-Publication DataAmerican Society of Civil Engineers. Electric Power and Communications Committee.Guide to improved earthquake performance of electric power systems / prepared by Elec-tric Power and Communications Committee, Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engi-neering.p. cm.(ASCE m
7、anuals and reports on engineering practice; no. 96)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-0414-31. Electric power systemsEarthquake effects. 2. Lifeline earthquake engineering. I. Title.II. Series.TK1005.A633 1999621.3121dc21 99-20666CIPThe material presented in this publication h
8、as been prepared in accordance with generallyrecognized engineering principles and practices, and is for general information only. This infor-mation should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitabilityfor any general or specific application.The contents of this
9、publication are not intended to be and should not be construed to be astandard of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and are not intended for use as areference in purchase of specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal docu-ment.No reference made in this publicat
10、ion to any specific method, product, process, or serviceconstitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, con-cerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any informat
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13、 per page is paiddirectly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification for ASCE Books is0-7844-0414-3/99/$8.00 + $.50 per page. Requests for special permission or bulk copying shouldbe addressed to Permissions noris it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thum
14、b“ for non-engineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpressed only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of a com-mittee or group selected to assemble and express informaton on a specifictopic. As often as practicable the committee is under the d
15、irection of one ormore of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the product evolved hasbeen subjected to review by the Executive Committee of the Division orCouncil. As a step in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts areoften brought before the members of the Technical Divisions and C
16、ouncilsfor comment, which may serve as the basis for improvement. When pub-lished, each work shows the names of the committees by which it was com-piled and indicates clearly the several processes through which it has passedin review, in order that its merit may be definitely understood.In February
17、1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Direction votedto establish:A series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice/to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, futureManuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on EngineeringPractice. All such Manual or Report mate
18、rial of the Society wouldhave been refereed in a manner approved by the Board Commit-tee on Publications and would be bound, with applicable discus-sion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be con-secutive and would be a continuation of present Manualnumbers. In some cases of reports o
19、f joint committees, bypassingof Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTSOF ENGINEERING PRACTICENo. Title No. Title13 Filtering Materials for SewageTreatment Plants14 Accommodation of Utility PlantWithin the Rights-of-Way of UrbanStreets and Highways34 Definitions of Surveying andAs
20、sociated Terms35 A List of Translations of ForeignLiterature on Hydraulics37 Design and Construction of Sanitaryand Storm Sewers40 Ground Water Management41 Plastic Design in Steel: A Guide andCommentary45 Consulting Engineering: A Guide forthe Engagement of EngineeringServices46 Pipeline Route Sele
21、ction for Rural andCross-Country Pipelines47 Selected Abstracts on StructuralApplications of Plastics49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines forSmall Craft Harbors51 Survey of Current StructuralResearch52 Guide for the Design of SteelTransmission Towers53 Criteria for Maintenance of
22、 MultilaneHighways54 Sedimentation Engineering55 Guide to Employment Conditions forCivil Engineers57 Management, Operation andMaintenance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems59 Computer Pricing Practices60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design andConstruction62 Existing Sewer Evaluation andRehabilitation63 Str
23、uctural Plastics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Control66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildingsand Structures68 Aeration: A Wastewater TreatmentProcess69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection andTreatment Systems70 Evapotranspiration
24、and IrrigationWater Requirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment andManagement72 Design of Steel Transmission PoleStructures73 Quality in the Constructed Project: AGuide for Owners, Designers, andConstructors74 Guidelines for Electrical TransmissionLine Structural Loading75 Right-of-Way Surveying
25、76 Design of Municipal WastewaterTreatment Plants77 Design and Construction of UrbanStormwater Management Systems78 Structural Fire Protection79 Steel Penstocks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding toAugment Precipitation82 Odor Control in WastewaterTreatment Plants83 Environmental S
26、ite Investigation84 Mechanical Connections in WoodStructures85 Quality of Ground Water86 Operation and Maintenance ofGround Water Facilities87 Urban Runoff Quality Manual88 Management of Water TreatmentPlant Residuals89 Pipeline Crossings90 Guide to Structural Optimization91 Design of Guyed Electric
27、alTransmission Structures92 Manhole Inspection andRehabilitation93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, andChannels95 Urban Subsurface Drainage96 Guide to Improved EarthquakePerformance of Electric PowerSystems97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts andPracticeTABLE OF CONTEN
28、TSPREFACE xiiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvEXECUTIVE SUMMARY xvii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Background1.2 Purpose 31.3 Basis for Recommendations 31.4 Scope 41.5 Organization of the Manual 42 EARTHQUAKES: SOURCES AND EFFECTS 72.1 Sources of Earthquakes 72.2 Quantifying the Size and Intensity of Earthquakes 122.2.1 Ear
29、thquake Size 122.2.2 Earthquake Intensity 32.3 Effects of Earthquakes 42.3.1 Ground Vibration 142.3.2 Soil Liquefaction 62.3.3 Soil-Structure Interaction 182.3.4 Earthquake-Induced Landslides 192.3.5 Subsidence 202.3.6 Ground Faulting 02.3.7 Earthquake-Induced Water Waves 232.4 Regional Differences
30、in Earthquakes and Associated Hazards 242.5 Regional Seismicity of the United States 252.5.1 Western Region 272.5.2 Central Region 92.5.3 Eastern Region 33Vvi EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS2.6 Summary of Differences between Earthquakes in California andOther Regions 352.7 Commonly
31、Used Terms 352.7.1 Fault and Fault Trace 52.7.2 Hypocenter and Epicenter 362.7.3 Earthquake Magnitudes 62.7.4 Intensity Scales 362.7.5 Tsunamis 6Endnotes 373 OVERVIEW OF EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMSAND FACILITIES 93.1 Overall Power System Seismic Performance 393.2 Power Transmission and D
32、istribution Systems 403.2.1 Transmission Lines 403.2.2 Distribution Lines 03.2.3 Substations 13.3 Power Generation Facilities 413.4 Control, Protection, and Communications Facilities 424 APPROACH TO IMPROVED EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE 434.1 Overview of Improved Earthquake Performance 454.2 Earthquake Ha
33、zard and System Vulnerability Evaluation 454.2.1 Initial Earthquake Hazard and System Vulnerability Evaluatio 474.2.2 Detailed Earthquake Hazard and System VulnerabilityEvaluation 474.3 Earthquake Planning 534.3.1 Disaster Response Plans 534.3.2 Corporate Recovery Plans 44.3.3 Evaluation of System V
34、ulnerabilities 544.3.4 Emergency Operations Center 44.3.5 Alternate Energy Control Center 54.4 Earthquake Mitigation 554.4.1 Implementing Tasks with a High Benefit-Cost Ratio 564.4.2 Seismically Upgrading Manuals of Practice 564.4.3 Detailed Vulnerability Assessment of System Facilities 594.4.4 Impl
35、ementation of Mitigation Plan 594.4.5 Periodic Review and Revision of Mitigation Program 604.5 Comments on Implementing an Earthquake Damage MitigationProgram 614.5.1 Initiating an Earthquake Mitigation Program 614.5.2 Commitment of Top Management Is Needed 14.5.3 Cost-Effectiveness 624.5.4 Maintain
36、ing Mitigation Program 624.5.5 Seismic Design Engineering 3Endnotes 64CONTENTS vii5 SUBSTATIONS 655.1 Overview of Substations 695.2 Substation Configuration and Components 705.3 Earthquake Effects on Substations 715.3.1 Earthquake-Induced Vibration 25.3.2 Soil Deformation and Ground Faulting 725.3.3
37、 Soil-Structure Interaction 745.4 Recommended Design Criteria for Substations 755.5 Common Failures 775.5.1 Failures of Porcelain Members 785.5.2 Failures of Equipment Anchorage 825.5.3 Failure of Cast-Aluminum Hardware 45.6 Substation Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports 845.6.1 Dead-End Transmis
38、sion Towers 855.6.2 Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports 865.6.3 Bus and Conductor Support Structures 925.6.4 Mitigation and Retrofit of Substation Busses, Conductors, andTheir Supports 935.6.5 Emergency Response Procedures for Substation Busses,Conductors, and Their Supports 1005.6.6 Recommended
39、Installation Practices for Substation Busses,Conductors, and Their Supports 1005.7 Power Transformers 1015.7.1 Sudden Pressure, Bucholtz and Protective Relays 1025.7.2 Anchorage 35.7.3 Bushings 1325.7.4 Radiators 95.7.5 Conservators 1445.7.6 Tertiary Bushings and Lightning Arresters 1485.7.7 Transfe
40、r Busses 85.7.8 Emergency Response Procedures for Transformers 1495.7.9 Summary of Earthquake Issues Related to Transformers 1525.8 Distribution Transformers 1535.8.1 Earthquake Performance of Distribution Transformers 1545.8.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Distribution Transformers 1565.8.3 Recommende
41、d Practice for Distribution Transformers 1575.9 Lightning (Surge) Arresters 1585.9.1 Earthquake Performance of Lightning Arresters 1595.9.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Lightning Arresters 1615.9.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Lightning Arresters 1625.9.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Li
42、ghtning Arresters 1635.10 Current Transformers 1675.10.1 Earthquake Performance of Current Transformers 1675.10.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Current Transformers 1715.10.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Current Transformers 1725.10.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Current Transformers1733
43、.erss5.11 Instrumentation Transformers 1745.11.1 Earthquake Performance of Instrumentation Transformers 174173viii EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS5.11.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Instrumentation Transformers 1785.11.3 Emergency Response Procedures for InstrumentationTransformers 17
44、85.11.4 Recommended Installation Practices for InstrumentationTransformers 85.12 Circuit Breakers 1785.12.1 Earthquake Performance, Mitigation, and Retrofit ofCircuit Breakers 95.12.2 Emergency Response Procedures for Circuit Breakers 1955.12.3 Recommended Installation Practices for Circuit Breakers
45、 1955.13 Disconnect Switches 1965.13.1 Earthquake Performance of Disconnect Switches 1965.13.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Disconnect Switches 2005.13.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Disconnect Switches 2005.13.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Disconnect Switches. 2005.14 Circuit Switcher
46、s 2015.14.1 Earthquake Performance of Circuit Switchers 2025.14.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Circuit Switchers 2025.14.3 Emergency Response Procedure for Circuit Switchers 2035.14.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Circuit Switchers 2035.15 Wave Traps 2035.15.1 Earthquake Performance of Wave T
47、raps 2045.15.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Wave Traps 75.15.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Wave Traps 2075.15.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Wave Traps 2075.16 Current-Limiting Reactors, Filters, Shunt Reactors, Voltage Support,and Power Factor Correction Devices 2095.16.1 Mitigation a
48、nd Retrofit of Voltage Support Devices 2165.16.2 Emergency Response Procedure for Voltage Support Devices. 2165.16.3 Recommended Installation Practices for Voltage SupportDevices 2165.17 StationPower 75.17.1 Earthquake Performance of Station Power 2185.17.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Station Power 9
49、5.17.3 Emergency Response Procedure for Station Power 2205.17.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Station Power 2205.18 Substation Control Structures and Their Contents 2205.18.1 Control House Structures 2205.18.2 Equipment 2245.18.3 Other Substation Equipment 2245.18.4 Recommended Practices for Substation Control Structures andTheir Contents 2245.19 Miscellaneous Facilities: Oil Storage Tanks 2255.19.1 Earthquake Performance of Oil Storage Tanks 2255.19.2 Recommended Practices for Oil Storage Tanks 22
