1、ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 182-2008 (RA 2013)(Reaffirmation of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 182-2008)Method of TestingAbsorption Water-Chillingand Water-HeatingPackagesApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on June 21,2008, and reaffirmed June 22, 2013; by the ASHRAE Board ofDirectors on June 25, 2008, and re
2、affirmed June 26, 2013; and by the American National Standards Institute on June 26, 2008,and reaffirmed June 27, 2013.ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number is the year ofASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an
3、ASHRAE Standard may be purchased on the ASHRAE website(www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail:ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US andCanada). For reprin
4、t permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2013 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE.Consensus is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a
5、 member and which has approved thisstandard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrenceof more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considere
6、d, and that aneffort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliancemandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and pu
7、blic review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in th
8、e subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all ProjectCommittees.The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive
9、criticism for improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee,
10、certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLI
11、CY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes,bysuggestingsafepracticesindesigningandinstallingequipment,byprovidingproperdefinitionsofthisequipment,andbyprovidingother information that may
12、serve to guide the industry.The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,t
13、hat the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 182CognizantTC:TC 8.3, Absorption and Heat-Operated MachinesSPLS Liaison: Nadar R. Jayaraman* Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publication.Jay A. Kohler, Chair * Abdi Zaltash *Carter J. R
14、oth Rudy ChervilPaul H. Sarkisian * Joseph C. HooseMichael E. Shows * Saunders C. SmithTimothy C. Wagner *ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20122013Kenneth W. Cooper, Chair Julie M. Ferguson Janice C. PetersonWilliam F. Walter, Vice-Chair Krishnan Gowri Heather L. PlattDouglass S. Abramson Cecily M. Grzywa
15、cz Ira G. PostonKarim Amrane Richard L. Hall Douglas T. ReindlCharles S. Barnaby Rita M. Harrold James R. TaubyHoy R. Bohanon, Jr. Adam W. Hinge James K. VallortSteven F. Bruning Debra H. Kennoy Craig P. WrayDavid R. Conover Jay A. Kohler Charles H. Culp, III, BOD ExOSteven J. Emmerich Rick A. Larso
16、n Constantinos A. Balaras, COMark P. ModeraStephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of Standards ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.CONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE
17、Standard 182-2008 (RA 2013),Method ofTesting Absorption Water-Chilling and Water-Heating PackagesSECTION PAGEForeword. 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions. 24 Requirements . 35 Instruments. 36 Test Procedure 57 Test Report . 78 Normative References 7Informative Appendix AReferences.8Informative App
18、endix BExample of Calculating Absorber/Condenser Fouling Inside Tubes8NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2013 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights
19、 reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or tran
20、smission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 182-2008 (RA 2013)(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not been
21、processed according to the ANSI requirements for astandard and may contain material that has not beensubject to public review or a consensus process.Unresolved objectors on informative material are notoffered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDASHRAE Standard 182 is a method of test (MOT
22、) stan-dard for use in factory-performance testing of absorptionchillers/heaters. It was developed as a result of an agree-ment between ASHRAE and the Air Conditioning andRefrigeration Institute (ARI) (now the Air Conditioning,Heating and Refrigeration Institute AHRI), resulting inASHRAE ownership o
23、f MOT standards for use in conjunc-tion with ARI rating procedures. This standard is intendedfor use in conjunction with absorption chiller rating proce-dures such as ANSI/AHRI Standard 560, Absorption WaterChilling and Water Heating Packages.Absorption chillers are used for producing chilled waterf
24、rom a hot fluid. Natural gas or other combustible sub-stances can also be used as a heat source with direct-firedchillers. In the latter case, chillers may be designed to pro-vide a water-heating capability in addition to the water-chilling capability. There are three different modes that achiller c
25、ould potentially be operated in: cooling-only mode,heating-only mode, and simultaneous heating/cooling mode.This MOT can be applied to any of these test modes,although each mode should be considered as a separate anddistinct test. The most commonly prescribed test mode iscooling-only. Test facilitie
26、s that are designed for cooling-only operation may not be capable of performing heating-only or simultaneous heating/cooling tests. As a result, usersof this standard need to carefully consider facility capabili-ties when prescribing heating-only or simultaneous heating/cooling tests.This standard i
27、s targeted toward commercially availableproducts, including products employing single- and double-effect absorption cycles. Although lithium-bromide/waterchillers are the most common type, absorption chillers usingother fluids, such as ammonia/water, can be tested using thisstandard as well. Further
28、, this standard is intended for usewith water-cooled products and does not include provisionsfor the testing of air-cooled products.This is a reaffirmation of Standard 182-2008. This stan-dard was prepared under the auspices of ASHRAE. It may beused, in whole or in part, by an association or governm
29、entagency with due credit to ASHRAE. Adherence is strictly ona voluntary basis and merely in the interests of obtaininguniform standards throughout the industry.The changes made for the 2013 reaffirmation wereChanged “ARI” to “AHRI”Moved Informative Example art to Informative Appen-dix B1. PURPOSETh
30、e purpose of this standard is to prescribe a method oftesting absorption water-chilling and water-heating packagesto verify capacity and thermal energy input requirements at aspecific set of operating conditions.2. SCOPEThis standard applies toa. absorption packages used to chill and/or heat water,
31、asdefined in Section 3, Definitions, andb. testing that will occur where proper instrumentation andload stability can be provided.c. It is not the intent of this standard to provide for testingin typical field installations, where steady-state condi-tions are often difficult to achieve and adequate
32、provi-sions for measurement are not made.3. DEFINITIONSThefollowingkeytermsaredefinedinthissection.Forallother terms, refer to ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Venti-lation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration.1absorption package: a factory-designed and pre-fabricatedassembly used for chilling and/or
33、heating water that consistsof an evaporator, absorber, condenser, generator(s), and solu-tion heat exchanger(s), with interconnections and accessories.Thepackageutilizesamixtureofatleasttwocomponents.Themore volatile component is the refrigerant, and the less vola-tile mixture with high affinity to
34、the refrigerant is the absor-bent solution. Either single or multiple reconcentrations of anabsorbent solution, known as effects, can be used. A single-effect package employs a one-step reconcentration of theabsorbent in the generator. Refrigerant vapor is released whenthermal energy is introduced i
35、nto the generator. The concen-tratedabsorbentisreturnedtotheabsorberwhereitcanabsorbrefrigerant vapor flashed off in the evaporator, and the cyclerepeats. A double-effect package employs a two-step recon-centration of the absorbent through the use of an additionalhigh-temperature generator.Absorptio
36、n packages can be further subdivided into thefollowing two categories:direct-fired package: this type of package reconcentratesthe absorbent using thermal energy derived from thecombustion of natural gas, LP gas, oil, or other fuel.indirect-fired package: this type of package reconcen-trates the abs
37、orbent using thermal energy from steam, hotwater, hot heat-transfer fluids, or a hot gas stream.coefficient of performance (COP): a ratio of cooling/heat-ing capacity in watts (W) to the power input values in watts(W) at any given set of rating conditions expressed in watts/watts (W/W).cooling-only
38、mode: the operational mode of a direct-firedchiller/heater that supplies only chilled water.energy input: the heat content of the fuel, steam, or hot heat-transfer fluid, excluding the electrical input. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmi
39、ssion in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 182-2008 (RA 2013) 3direct-fired: a term applied to systems where the energy inputis the gross heating content of the fuel based on the higherheating value in MBH (kW).indirect-fired:
40、 a term applied to systems where the energyinputistheheatconsumedfromtheheatsourceinMBH(kW).fouling factor: the thermal resistance due to scale that hasaccumulated on the heat-transfer surface.field fouling allowance: the estimated or calculated provisionfor anticipated fouling during use, expressed
41、 in hft2F/Btu(m2C/W).heating-only mode: the operational mode of a direct-firedchiller/heater that supplies only hot water.higher heating value (HHV): the amount of heat producedper unit of fuel when complete combustion takes place atconstantpressure,theproductsofcombustionarecooledtotheinitial tempe
42、rature of the fuel and air, and the vapor formedduring combustion is condensed. This value is expressed inBtu/lb (J/kg) or Btu/ft3(W/m3) for gaseous fuel and in Btu/lb(J/kg) or Btu/gal for liquid fuel.high-pressure steam: steam that is above 15.0 psig (103 kPa)in pressure but below 150 psig (1030 kP
43、a).hot-water heating option: an option for providing hot waterfrom an absorption chiller/heater through either of twocircuits:Through the evaporator circuit (a two-pipe system), typ-ically provided at temperatures up to 140F (60.0C)(standard-temperature hot water).Through a separate hot-water heat e
44、xchanger (a four-pipe system), typically provided at temperatures above140F (60.0C) up to and including 175F (79.4C) and/or for simultaneous heating/cooling operation (high-temperature hot water).low-pressure steam: steam that is 15.0 psig (103 kPa) in pres-sure or cooling/heating capacity: the usa
45、ble heating/coolingcapacity of the equipment or system; the maximum amount ofheating or cooling that a system is capable of under serviceconditions.recommended or it is recommended: used to indicate provi-sions that are not mandatory in this standard but are preferred.simultaneous heating/cooling mo
46、de: theoperationalmodeofa direct-fired absorption chiller/heater whereby chilled waterand hot (heating) water are produced at the same time.shall or shall not: used to indicate a provision that is manda-tory if compliance with the standard is claimed.4. REQUIREMENTS4.1 Test Method. The test will mea
47、sure net cooling capac-ity in tons or MBH (kW) or net heating capacity in MBH(kW) and the heat energy input requirements at a specific setof conditions.4.2 Values to be Determined. The test shall include a mea-surement of the net heat removed from (or added to) the wateras it passes through the chil
48、led-water or heating-water circuitby determination of the following:a. water flow rate, gpm (L/s)b. temperature difference between the entering and leavingwaterThe heat removed from the chilled water (or added to theheating water), q, is equal to the product of the chilled wateror heating water flow
49、 rate, mw, the water temperature differ-ence between the entering and leaving water, (tetl), and thespecific heat of water determined at the average water temper-ature, c, as shown in the following equation:The test shall include the determination of the absorptionwater-chilling and water-heating package heat input energy.This heat energy shall be determined by a measurement asoutlined in the test procedure (see Section 6).In addition to the determination of net heat removed andheat energy input required, data shall be collected to preparea hea
