1、Cold-Climate Buildings Design GuideProduct code: 90136 9/151791 Tullie Circle Atlanta, GA 30329-2305 Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide)www.ashrae.org9 781939 200006Expert Guidance on Cold-Climate ChallengesBuildings in arctic and subarctic climates face unique challenges, not only the cold, but als
2、o remoteness, limited utilities, permafrost, and extreme temperature shifts. Built structures must meet these challenges while maintaining occupant comfort and, if possible, minimizing impact on the environment. Harmonizing human comfort with the climatic realities of these environments can be a del
3、icate balancing act. Strategic design is key to building, commissioning, and operating efficient and long-lasting cold-climate structures. This unified guide to cold-climate design provides expert knowledge on the issues commonly faced in arctic and subarctic climates.In addition to cold-climate con
4、siderations in HVAC calculations and system design, this books chapters cover sustainability, controls, building design, and commissioning, all from this distinctive climatic perspective. The book also includes an appendix with seven case studies of buildings located in cold and extreme cold climate
5、s. These buildings are leaders in their field with regard to both efficiency and cold-climate design.Aimed at each member of the building team, from the designer and architect to the commissioning authority, Cold-Climate Buildings Design Guide will serve as a valuable resource from the initial plann
6、ing to completion of cold-climate buildings.This publication funded in part with support from:Cold-Climate Buildings Design GuideISBN 978-1-939200-00-6sustainability controls commissioning case studiesCold-ClimateBuildingsDesign GuideColdClimateBuidlingsDesignGuide.book Page i Friday, September 4, 2
7、015 10:24 AMCONTRIBUTORSSupervising Technical CommitteeMultidisciplinary Task Group, Cold-Climate Design Guide (MTG.CCDG)Project ManagerFrank Mills, Life MemberASHRAE | Low Carbon Design ConsultantsLiverpool, UKProject AuthorsRobert Bisson, PEng, Member ASHRAE | Manitoba Public Schools Finance Board
8、Winnipeg, MB, CanadaK. William Dean, PEng, Member ASHRAE | National Research Council CanadaSaskatoon, SK, CanadaCraig Fredeen, PE, Member ASHRAE | PDC Inc. EngineersAnchorage, AKHeather Hayne, PEng, Member ASHRAE | Government of the Northwest TerritoriesYellowknife, NT, CanadaJennifer Holmes, PE, As
9、sociate Member ASHRAE | Design AlaskaFairbanks, AKJohn Karakash, Associate Member ASHRAE | Resource Professionals GroupDurham, NCDavid Lima, Member ASHRAE | Aqua Air Systems Ltd.Calgary, AB, CanadaCheryl McGinn, PEng, Associate Member ASHRAE | Convergint TechnologiesCalgary, AB, CanadaJustin Pockar
10、| City of CalgaryCalgary, AB, CanadaStan Yackel, Member ASHRAE | Senior Designer, Scott Springfield Mfg. Inc.Calgary, AB, CanadaProject ReviewersDon Beaty, PE, Fellow Life MemberASHRAE | DLBAssociates Consulting EngineersNewYork, NYRobert Bean, Member ASHRAE | Indoor Climate Consultants Inc.Calgary,
11、 AB, CanadaDoug Cochrane, PEng, Member ASHRAE | Carrier Enterprise Canada L.P.Mississauga, ON, CanadaBert Phillips, PEng, Life Member ASHRAE | UNIES Ltd.Winnipeg, MB, CanadaBjarne Olesen, PhD, Fellow Life Member ASHRAE |Professor, Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby, DenmarkCase StudiesDav
12、id Lima, Member ASHRAE | Aqua Air Systems Ltd.Calgary, AB, CanadaRick Westover | Aqua Air Systems Ltd.Calgary, AB, CanadaIllustrations, Graphs, and SchematicsDon Beaty, PE, Fellow Life MemberASHRAE | DLBAssociates Consulting EngineersNewYork, NYMichael Mangan | DLB Associates Consulting EngineersNew
13、YorkProject CoordinatorErich Binder, Member ASHRAE | Erich Binder Consulting LimitedCalgary, AB, CanadaUpdates/errata for this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE website at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.Front.fm Page ii Wednesday, September 9, 2015 3:16 PMAtlantaCold-ClimateBuildingsDesign
14、 GuideColdClimateBuidlingsDesignGuide.book Page iii Friday, September 4, 2015 10:24 AMISBN 978-1-939200-00-6 2015 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, owned by the Ameri-can Society of
15、 Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appeara
16、nce of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does no
17、t necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publi-cation is assumed by the user.No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages
18、or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of this publication be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwith-out permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission
19、should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCold-climate buildings design guide.pages cmIncludes bibliographical references and index.Summary: “A guide to assist designers, contractors, and engineers in constructing and maintaining buildings in
20、 cold-climate environments. Provides practical advice on the unique challenges faced when trying to maintain human comfort and energy-efficiency in cold, subarctic, and arctic climates“- Provided by publisher.ISBN 978-1-939200-00-6 (softcover)1. Building-Cold weather conditions. 2. Buildings-Environ
21、mental engineering. 3. Buildings-Arctic regions. I. ASHRAE (Firm)TH153.C594 2015690.0911-dc232015023232ASHRAE StaffSpecial Publications Mark S. Owen,Editor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield Michaels, Managing EditorJames Madison Walker, Managing Editor of StandardsSar
22、ah Boyle, Assistant EditorLauren Ramsdell, Editorial Assistant Michshell Phillips, Editorial CoordinatorPublishing Services David Soltis,Group Manager of Publishing Services and Electronic CommunicationsJayne Jackson, Publication Traffic AdministratorTracy Becker, Graphics SpecialistPublisher W. Ste
23、phen ComstockColdClimateBuidlingsDesignGuide.book Page iv Friday, September 4, 2015 10:24 AMPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi1Cold Climates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . 1What is a Cold Climate?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Definition of a Cold Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Cold-Climate Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . 22Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Resilience, Carbon, Climate Change, Fuels, Water, and Livability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Sustainability in the Context of Cold-Climate Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、7Sustainable Design Methods and their Underlying Principles . . . . . . . . . . . 8Timely Adoption of Technical Progress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Owners Risk Avoidance Value of Higher-Performance Design . . . . . . . . . . . 9Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Sustainable Facilities and Community Connectedness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Sustainable Energy Sources in Cold-Climate Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13District Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . 13Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Renewable Heat or Renewable Power for Cold-Climate Buildings . . . . . . . 16Renewable Heat Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Renewable Heat
29、 Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Comparing Renewable Source Alternatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Source Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Heat Pump Technologies. . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Electrical Energy in Cold-Climate Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Renewable Electricity Sources and Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Power Generation with Waste Heat Recovery Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
31、3Human Comfort in the Indoor Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Health and Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Thermal Conditions for Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Physi
32、ological Acclimatization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48ContentsColdClimateBuidlingsDesignGuide.book Page v Friday, September 4, 2015 10:24 AMvi Cold-Climate Buildings Design GuideCold Discomfort/Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、. . 49Acceptable Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Unacceptable Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Heating Surface Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Patient Reaction Time
34、s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Health Impact of Underheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Humidity and Human Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Problems with High Humidity. . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Problems with Low Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Static Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524Utilities in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Fuel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Cold Climate Considerations for
37、 Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Piped Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595Strategic Design . . . . . . . .
38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Energy Per
39、formance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Project Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Material Ordering and Delivery Logistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、69Site Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Exterior Envelope Construction Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Other Construction Logistics Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . 72Maintenance and Operational Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Equipment Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Equipment Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、. . . . . 73Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Fuel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Predominant Wind Direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Roof Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786Building HVAC Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Roles and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Key Stakeholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Project Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Site Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Waste Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Future-Proofing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877HVAC Design Calculations . . . . . . . . . .
46、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Psychrometric Charts and Perfect Gas Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90How Air Behaves at Different Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Building HVAC Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Calculations for Heating Systems Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94ColdClimateBuidlingsDesignGuide.book Page vi Friday, September 4, 2015 10:24 AMContents viiOutdoor Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48、 94Indoor Design Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Envelope Heat Losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Infiltration and Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Calculations f
49、or Ventilation Systems Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100Calculations for Cooling Systems Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103Energy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1048Building Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Envelope Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107Passive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
