1、ISBN 978-1-933742-79-3Product code: 90329 5/109 781933 742793Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial BuildingsPerformance Measurement Protocols for Commercial BuildingsAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle Atlanta, GA 30329-2305404
2、-636-8400 (worldwide)www.ashrae.orgAlthough many buildings claim to be “green,” low energy,” or “high performance,” it is rarely clear on what evidence or data these claims are based. If claims of high performance are to be credible, it is essential that a common set of measurements be used and the
3、results reported against meaningful and consistent benchmarks. Such protocols are also needed to give usable feedback to building designers and operators when measured performance does not match design intent and expectations.This book provides a standardized set of protocols over a range of accurac
4、ies and costs that can be applied consistently to the assessment of building performance, in both the United States and internationally. The protocols identify what to measure, how to measure it, and how often it is to be measured for inclusion in the buildings operation and maintenance plan. Protoc
5、ols are developed at three levels for each of six performance categories: energy, water, thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), lighting, and acoustics. Specification at the Basic level outlines simple, low-cost measures that provide an initial insight into performance at the annual, whole-build
6、ing level. Specification at the Intermediate level provides additional data on the building performance, typically at a monthly frequency and major system level. Specification at the Advanced level offers a more detailed and comprehensive analysis for those building owners or managers wishing to gai
7、n deeper insights into the performance of a building, typically at a daily or weekly frequency at the system or equipment level.Information presented for each of the six performance measurement categories includes background, definitions of measurement parameters, instrumentation types, analysis and
8、 evaluation methods, standards and benchmarks, and limitations as to application of the measurement tools. A range of costs for staff time and instrumentation is also given for each category. A high-level summary table in Chapter 2 serves as a quick reference guide to all of the protocols presented
9、in the book and summarizes the key measurement methods and metrics for the six performance categories. A committee of industry experts assembled by ASHRAE, USGBC, and CIBSE collaborated to develop this publication.The Chartered Institution of Building Services EngineersU.S. Green Building CouncilAme
10、rican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.Performance Measurements.indd 1 5/3/2010 10:13:45 AMPerformance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For person
11、al use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.This publication was developed under ASHRAEs Special Publication procedures and is not a consensus document. This publication was developed un
12、der the auspices of ASHRAE Special Project 115.ASHRAE acknowledges the contributions of USGBC and CIBSE to the preparation of this special publication.Performance Measurement Protocols Project CommitteeJeff HaberlChairEnergyHywel DaviesVice ChairEnergyMike MacDonaldEnergyEd ArensIEQ/Thermal ComfortB
13、arry BridgesIEQ/IAQDave MarciniakIEQ/IAQFergus NicolIEQ/IAQRichard HeinischIEQ/LightingHarvey BryanIEQ/LightingCurt EichelbergerIEQ/AcousticsJim BochatWater/NEEB RepresentativeFred GoldnerWaterKlaus SommerEU RepresentativeKaren P. ButlerU.S. EPA/ENERGY STAR RepresentativeBrendan OwensUSGBC LiaisonMa
14、rk FrankelUSGBC/NBI RepresentativeLilas PrattASHRAE Staff SupportBruce HunnASHRAE Staff LiaisonUpdates/errata for this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates. 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ash
15、rae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial BuildingsAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
16、Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE)U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmis
17、sion in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ISBN 978-1-933742-79-32010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.Printed in the United Stat
18、es of America on 30% post-consumer waste using soy-based inks.Cover design by Tracy Becker.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly dis-claims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may
19、be described herein.The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty,or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrantthat the information in the publication is free
20、of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement oropinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewerwho
21、 may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of thispublication be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, pho-tocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.
22、 Requests for permission should besubmitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataPerformance measurement protocols for commercial buildings / American Society of heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., U.S. Green Building Council, and
23、The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references.Summary: “Provides three levels of standardized protocols for assessing building performance that identify what, how, and how often to measure in six performance categories: energy, water, thermal comf
24、ort, indoor air quality, lighting, and acoustics. Such protocols give feedback when performance does not match design intent and lend credibility to performance claims“-Provided by publisher.ISBN 978-1-933742-79-3 (softcover)1. Buildings-Performance-Measurement. 2. Commercial buildings-Evaluation. I
25、. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers II. U.S. Green Building Council. III. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. TH453.P46 2010696-dc222010008223ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSMark S. OwenEditor/Group Managerof Handbook and Special Publications
26、Cindy Sheffield MichaelsManaging EditorJames Madison WalkerAssociate EditorAmelia SandersAssistant EditorElisabeth ParrishAssistant EditorMichshell PhillipsEditorial CoordinatorPublishing ServicesDavid SoltisGroup Manager of Publishing Servicesand Electronic CommunicationsJayne JacksonPublication Tr
27、affic AdministratorTracy BeckerGraphics SpecialistPublisherW. Stephen Comstock 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not p
28、ermitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.a79ContentsExecutive SummaryThe Need for Standardized Performance Measurement Protocols viiScope of Protocols viiBackground and Summary of Protocols at Three Levels viiiPrefaceBackground xiPurpose/Scope xiiChapter 1 Introduction and OverviewIntroduct
29、ion to Performance Measurement Protocols 1Intended Users 2Differentiating Three Levels of Protocols 3Overview and How to Use this Book 4Background by Performance Category 10Chapter 2 Measurement Methods and CostSummary 39Chapter 3 Basic ProtocolsEnergy Use 43Water Use 59IEQ Thermal Comfort 63IEQ Ind
30、oor Air Quality 70IEQ Lighting/Daylighting 76IEQ Acoustics 82Chapter 4 Energy UseIntermediate Performance Methods 89Advanced Performance Methods 96Chapter 5 Water UseIntermediate Performance Methods 107Advanced Performance Methods 110Chapter 6 IEQ Thermal ComfortIntermediate Performance Methods 119A
31、dvanced Performance Methods 127Chapter 7 IEQ Indoor Air QualityIntermediate Performance Methods 135Advanced Performance Methods 138Chapter 8 IEQ Lighting/DaylightingIntermediate Performance Methods 145Advanced Performance Methods 150 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioni
32、ng Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial BuildingsviChapter 9 IEQ AcousticsIntermediate
33、 Performance Methods 153Advanced Performance Methods 159Appendix A EnergyASHRAE Standard 105 Appendix Material 165ASHRAE Guideline 14 Material 168Appendix B IEQ Thermal ComfortASHRAE Standard 55 Environmental Specifications 187Occupant Surveys for Thermal Comfort 188Appendix C IEQ Indoor Air Quality
34、Environmental Monitoring Appendix from Indoor Air Quality Guide 193Appendix D IEQ Lighting/DaylightingVisual Acuity Factors 199Evaluation of Issues Identified in Lighting Checklist 201Equipment Used in Lighting Measurements 207Forms for Point-by-Point Lighting Measurements 210IES Survey Methodology
35、for Illuminance Measurements 215Lighting Design Guidelines 219Occupant SurveyLighting 221Appendix E CBE Occupant SurveyThermal Comfort, IAQ, Lighting, and Acoustics 235Definitions and AcronymsDefinitions 259Acronyms 262References and BibliographyReferences Cited in the Text 267Bibliography of Releva
36、nt Works Listed by Performance Category 281 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior writ
37、ten permission.a79Executive SummaryTo provide secure energy supplies, reduce energy demand and costs, and reduce carbon emissions, the energy and water use of new and existing buildings needs to be very significantly reduced. At the same time, build-ings need to be comfortable, at an appropriate tem
38、perature, well ventilated and lit, and have appropriate acoustics. Although there are many buildings in the United States, United King-dom, and elsewhere that are claimed to be “green,” “low energy,” or “high performance,” it is rarely clear on what evidence or data these claims are based. Such clai
39、ms of high performance cannot be credible without stan-dardized protocols that are applied consistently to the assessment of build-ing performance, both in the United States and internationally. If claims of superior building performance are to be believed, it is essential that a com-mon set of meas
40、urements be used and the results reported against meaning-ful and consistent benchmarks. Such protocols are also needed to give usable feedback to building designers and operators when measured perfor-mance does not match design intent and expectations. Thus this book provides a standardized, consis
41、tent set of protocols, for a range of costs/accuracies, to facilitate the appropriate and accurate com-parison of measured energy, water, and indoor environmental quality (IEQ)thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), lighting, and acous-ticsperformance of commercial buildings. Energy and water sav
42、ings need to be accomplished while maintaining acceptable levels of building service for the occupants. Benchmarks are included to facilitate appropriate comparison to peer buildings. The protocols identify what to measure, how it is to be measured (instrumentation and spatial resolution), and how o
43、ften it is to be measured for inclusion in the buildings operation and maintenance (O an occupant survey to identify acoustical problems in the building; and measure-ment of the A-weighed sound pressure level in the occupied spaces.Chapters 49 present the Intermediate and Advanced protocols in the s
44、ix measurement categories; these are for those building owners or manag-ers wishing to gain deeper insights into the performance of a building and a higher level of confidence in the buildings performance. At these levels, performance is measured more frequently and with greater spatial resolu-tion
45、than the annual whole-building measurements of the Basic level. As is the case for the Basic level protocols, each category presents the objectives, measurement methods and cost, metrics, and performance evaluation/benchmarking. Chapter 4 presents the higher-level protocols for energy perfor-mance.
46、The objective is to characterize, analyze, and understand end-use energy patterns so as to identify where performance improvement can best be made. The Intermediate level focuses on monthly or weekly energy use data for occupied versus unoccu-pied periods for major building systems and makes use of
47、whole-building inverse models. In contrast, the Advanced level focuses on daily or hourly data at the system and equipment level. Advanced diagnostic techniques, such as whole-building cali-brated simulations, coupled with measured end-use and equipment energy data, may be used to establish a self-r
48、eference benchmark.Higher level evaluation of water use is the subject of Chapter 5. The Intermediate level measurement provides improved feedback by separating the landscape water flow from the building water flow 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
49、(www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildingsxusing the utility water meter and a separate landscape water meter. The objective of the Advanced level is to measure as many separate water-using components as possible to better determine usage pat-terns for occupants, landscaping, and wastewater streams; meters are usually read
