1、 Advanced Energy Design GuideforLarge HospitalsThis is an ASHRAE Design Guide. Design Guides are developed underASHRAEs Special Publication procedures and are not consensus docu-ments. This document is an application manual that provides voluntary rec-ommendations for consideration in achieving grea
2、ter levels of energy savingsrelative to minimum standards.This publication was prepared under the auspices of ASHRAE Special Project 136and was supported with funding from DOE through NREL subcontract # AGN-1-11923.PROJECT COMMITTEEShanti PlessChairMerle McBrideVice-ChairDon ColliverSteering Committ
3、ee Ex OfficioMara BaumAIA RepresentativeJohn DAngeloUSGBC RepresentativeRay PradinukAIA/GBHC RepresentativeKim ShinnUSGBC RepresentativeWalt VernonASHE RepresentativeTim PeglowMember-at-LargeJeff BoldtASHRAE RepresentativeEric BonnemaAnalysis SupportMick SchwedlerASHRAE RepresentativeMatt LeachAnaly
4、sis SupportJohn GillIES RepresentativeLilas PrattStaff LiaisonJoel LovelandIES/AIA RepresentativeBert EtheredgeStaff SupportSTEERING COMMITTEEDon ColliverChairBill WorthenAIA RepresentativeJeremy WilliamsDOE RepresentativeRita HarroldIES RepresentativeMick SchwedlerASHRAE SSPC 90.1 LiaisonBrendan Ow
5、ensUSGBC RepresentativeAdrienne ThomleASHRAE TC 7.6 LiaisonCostas BalarasASHRAE RepresentativeLilas PrattASHRAE Staff LiaisonAnyupdates/erratatothispublicationwillbepostedontheASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates. 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reprodu
6、ction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Advanced Energy Design GuideforLarge HospitalsAchieving 50% Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy BuildingASHRAEThe American Institute of ArchitectsIlluminating Engineerin
7、g Society of North AmericaU.S. Green Building CouncilU.S. Department of Energy 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ISBN 978-1-936504-23-7
8、2012 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle, N.E.Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.Printed in the United States of AmericaCover design by Emily Luce, Designer.Front cover rendering by Studio/216.Back cover photos courtesy of John DAngelo, Cleveland Clinic, and Joel Loveland (University of Washing
9、ton)ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty toinvestigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any techni-cal data or editorial material in this
10、publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product,service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publication is free of errors, andASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this
11、publication. The entire risk of the use of any information inthis publication is assumed by the user.While supported by the U.S. Department of Energy with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, neither the United States gov-ernment nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any war
12、ranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability orresponsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or representsthat its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial prod
13、uct, process, or service bytrade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, orfavoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessar-ily state or ref
14、lect those of the United States government or any agency thereof and shall not be used for advertising or productendorsement purposes.Except for rights reserved by the U.S. government, no part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing fromASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote
15、 brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor mayany part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopy-ing, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for per
16、mission should be submitted atwww.ashrae.org/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataAdvanced energy design guide for large hospitals : achieving 50% energy savings toward a net zero energy building / ASHRAE . etal. ; project committee, Shanti Pless, chair . et al.p. cm.Include
17、s bibliographical references.ISBN 978-1-936504-23-7 (softcover : alk. paper) 1. Hospitals-Energy conservation. 2. Hospital buildings-Energy conservation.3. Sustainable buildings-Design and construction-Standards-United States. I. Pless, Shanti D. II. American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air
18、-Conditioning Engineers.RA967.9.A436 2012725.51-dc232012005084ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSMark OwenEditor/Group Managerof Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield MichaelsManaging EditorJames Madison WalkerAssociate EditorElisabeth ParrishAssistant EditorMeaghan ONeilEditorial AssistantM
19、ichshell PhillipsEditorial CoordinatorPUBLISHING SERVICESDavid SoltisGroup Manager of Publishing Servicesand Electronic CommunicationsJayne JacksonPublication Traffic AdministratorPUBLISHERW. Stephen Comstock 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
20、 or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Acknowledgments ixAbbreviations and Acronyms. xiForward: A Message to Healthcare Leaders xvChapter 1 Introduction.3Goal of this Guide3Scope3Project Process for Achieving 50% Energy Savings3Cond
21、itions to Promote Health and Comfort 5Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in Hospitals 6Thermal Comfort.6Visual Comfort.6Acoustic Comfort.6Energy Modeling Analysis .7How to Use this Guide 8References and Resources8Chapter 2 Integrated Design .11Introduction11Principles of Integrated Design for
22、Energy Efficiency.12What Is Integrated Design? 12Why Use Integrated Design to Maximize Energy Efficiency? .14How to Assemble an Integrated Design Project 14Project Details by Phase 14Financial Considerations 24References and Resources.26Contents 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. A
23、dditional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.vi | Advanced Energy Design Guide for Large HospitalsCleveland Clinic: A Case Study 27Interior Lighting 27Exterior Lighting 29HVAC.29Chapter 3 Energy Effici
24、ency Strategies for Integrated Design33Introduction.33Setting Energy Targets 33Overview of Design Influences36Building and Site.37Climate38Building Configuration .43Energy Conservation Measures52Impacts of Space Types on Energy Use and ECMs53Building Envelope .55Lighting .56Plug and Process Loads.61
25、HVAC.61Building Mechanical Systems64Control Strategies .69References and Resources70Swedish Issaquah Hospital: A Case Study .73Integrated Design73Building Envelope and Daylighting .75HVAC Systems .75Energy Modeling75Chapter 4 Strategies and Recommendations by Climate Zone .77Introduction77Climate Zo
26、ne Recommendations .78Zone 1 80Zone 2 83Zone 3 86Zone 4 89Zone 5 92Zone 6 95Zone 7 98Zone 8 .101Chapter 5 How to Implement Recommendations .105Envelope .105Opaque Envelope Components 105Vertical Fenestration 114 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distributi
27、on, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Contents | viiWindow Design Guidelines for Thermal Conditions .115Window Design Guidelines for Daylighting 119References and Resources119Daylighting 120General Recommendations .120References
28、 and Resources133Electric Lighting Design134Interior Lighting .134Exterior Lighting .154References and Resources155Plug and Process Loads 156Equipment and Control 156Kitchen Equipment and Design159Process Loads .164References and Resources166Service Water Heating167General Recommendations .167Refere
29、nces and Resources169HVAC Systems and Equipment 169Space PlanningCritical vs. Noncritical Spaces 169HVAC System Types 170HVAC Equipment Considerations180Air-Side Heat Recovery186References and Resources205Quality Assurance.207Commissioning 207Operations and Maintenance209Measurement and Verification
30、.211References and Resources212Additional Bonus Savings.213Other HVAC Strategies 213Renewable Energy216Electrical Distribution Systems219Appendix A Envelope Thermal Performance Factors .221Appendix B International Climatic Zone Definitions223 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Addi
31、tional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Chapter 1 Advanced Energy Design Guidefor Large Hospitals Executive Summary 2Chapter 2 Building Information Modeling .16Be Green without Spending the Green .20
32、Cleveland Clinic: A Case Study .27Chapter 3 Impacts of Building Shape and Configuration 46Inboard vs. Outboard Patient Toilet Rooms 58Cost Control Strategies and Best Practices.62The ASHRAE GreenGuide Recommendationson Reducing Distribution Energy and Cost .68Swedish Issaquah Hospital: A Case Study
33、.73Chapter 4 Bonus Savings.78Chapter 5 Dynamic GlazingElectrochromic Windows .128Surgical Task Lighting .148Cleveland Clinic 100th Street Garage155Computer Power Management Saving Millionswhile Computers Sleep157Lake-Coupled Geothermal System174Kosair Childrens Medical Center.176Delivering Condition
34、ed OA in Series or in Parallelwith Local HVAC Units .181ASHRAE Standard 62.1 and the International Mechanical Code 184Filter Change Costs197Condenser Water Heat Recovery .104SidebarsCase Studies and Technical Examples 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, dist
35、ribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.The Advanced Energy Design Guide for Large Hospitals is the fourth in a series of publica-tions designed to provide strategies and recommendations for achieving 50% energy savingsover
36、the minimum code requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, EnergyStandard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. The 50% AEDG seriesaddresses building types that represent major energy users in the commercial building stock.This Guide is the result of the dedicated, collect
37、ive efforts of many professionals who devotedcountless hours to help hospitals use less energy.The primary authors were the 12 members of the ASHRAE Special Project 136 Commit-tee (SP-136) who represented the participating organizationsprimarily ASHRAE, the Amer-ican Institute of Architects (AIA), t
38、he U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), the IlluminatingEngineering Society of North America (IES), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). TheAmerican Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE) was also represented. Thanks also tomembers of the ASHRAE Standing Standards Project Committee (SSPC) 90.
39、1 and ASHRAETechnical Committee (TC) 9.6, Healthcare Facilities.The project would not have been possible without DOEs financial support for projectcommittee expenses, Guide development, National Renewable Energy Laboratory energymodeling analysis, and committee leadership. The Chair would personally
40、 like to thank Jere-miah Williams, the DOE technology development manager in the Building Technologies Pro-gram, for his support and leadership.The chair would also like to thank all members of the project committee for their dili-gence, creativity, persistence, and willingness to take time to suppo
41、rt this Guide. They workedextremely hard to pull together practical, technically sound information covering all aspects oflow-energy-use hospital design. Their expertise and differing views greatly enriched this publi-cation. The authors brought many years of experience and good practice in design,
42、construc-tion, commissioning, and operation of hospitals to achieve significant energy savings.The project committee met four times and held four conference calls in ten months. Eachface-to-face meeting required two nights in a hotel; thus, the chair would also like to expresshis appreciation to the
43、 authors families for their patience. The chair also gratefully acknowl-edges the support of the project committee members employers, including Owens Corning;HOK; Stantec; Mazzetti; KJWW Engineering Consultants; Trane, a business of IngersollRand; CRS Engineering Inc.; University of Washington; Clev
44、eland Clinic; TLC Engineeringfor Architecture, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Kentucky;and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.Acknowledgments 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either prin
45、t or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.x | Advanced Energy Design Guide for Large HospitalsThe project committees efforts were guided by the AEDG Steering Committee, composedof members from the partner organizationsASHRAE, AIA, USGBC, IESwith the addi-tional supp
46、ort and participation of DOE. Its members provided direction and guidance to com-plete the Guide within 12 months. The Steering Committee assembled an expert team ofauthors and defined a scope that kept the project committees task manageable and focused.The representatives from these organizations b
47、rought a collegial and constructive spirit to thetask of setting policy.In addition to the voting members of the project committee, a number of individualsplayed key roles in the Guides success. Specifically, thanks to the ASHRAE meetings staff,the American Society for Healthcare Engineering, and MD
48、 Anderson Cancer Center for serv-ing as gracious hosts at their facilities.Twenty people participated in two peer reviews, providing more than 1000 remarks thathelped strengthen and clarify the Guide. Their thoughtful input is much appreciated and thechair hopes they see the impacts of their recomme
49、ndations in the finished publication.A huge debt of gratitude is extended to the authors of the previously published 30% and50% AEDGs, for they paved the way and defined basic structure, content, and format, as wellas reporting and review procedures. Following in their footsteps has resulted in consistencyamong the AEDGs and has been a tremendous time saver. Building on their success enabledthe project committee to finish its work promptly.Additional thanks to the ASHR
