1、HVAC Design Guide for Tall Commercial BuildingsThis publication was prepared under ASHRAE Research Project RP-1261,in cooperation with TC 9.12, Tall Buildings.ABOUT THE AUTHORDonald Ross, Fellow ASHRAE, is a retired partner in the New YorkCity-based mechanical and electrical consulting engineering f
2、irm of Jaros,Baum and Bolles. He has an extensive history in the design of tall com-mercial buildings throughout the world having been involved with thedesigns of the Sears Tower in Chicago (the tallest building in the UnitedStates), the Bank of China in Hong Kong (the tallest building outside theUn
3、ited States and the tallest building in Asia at the time of its construc-tion), and the MesseTurm in Frankfort, Germany (the tallest building inEurope at the time of its construction). He has had primary design respon-sibility for more than 200 office buildings, hotels, hospitals, laboratories,and o
4、ther projects on five continents.Mr. Ross received an A.B. (Liberal Arts) from Columbia College, aB.S. in mechanical engineering from the Columbia University School ofEngineering, and an MBA in business administration from New York Uni-versity. He has served ASHRAE as chairman of the Handbook Commit
5、teeand TC 9.1 as well as being a member of several other ASHRAE commit-tees. Beyond ASHRAE he is past president of the New York Associationof Consulting Engineers and the Columbia Engineering School AlumniAssociation and served as Vice Chairman for North America of the Coun-cil on Tall Buildings and
6、 the Urban Habitat. He has been elected to mem-bership in the National Academy of Engineering.HVAC Design Guide for Tall Commercial BuildingsDonald E. RossAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ISBN 1-931862-45-1Library of Congress Control Number: 200311718020
7、04 American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, N.E.Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.Printed in the United States of AmericaCover design by Tracy Becker.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investiga
8、ted, and ASHRAEexpressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like thatmay be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication doesnot constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any
9、 product, service, process, procedure,design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publication is free of errors, andASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of theuse of any information in this publication is as
10、sumed by the user.No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewerwho may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any partof this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitte
11、d in any way or by any meanselec-tronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSMildred GeshwilerEditorErin HowardAssistant EditorChristina HelmsAssistant EditorMichshell PhillipsSecretaryPUBLISHING SERVICESBarry KurianManagerJayne
12、JacksonProduction AssistantPUBLISHERW. Stephen ComstockContentsAcknowledgments ixChapter 1 Introduction1.1 General Overview 11.2 The Tall Building Defined 31.3 Real Estate Considerations 41.4 Architectural Considerations 61.4.1 Core Design 61.4.1.1 Core Location 71.4.1.2 Core Components 71.4.1.3 Exa
13、mple of Core Design 101.4.2 Floor-to-Floor Height 111.4.2.1 The Owners Involvement 111.4.2.2 The Architects Involvement 121.4.2.3 Structured Coordination 121.4.2.4 Alternative Ductwork Designs 171.4.2.5 Effect of Lighting Systems 181.4.2.6 Conclusions Concerning Floor-to-Floor Height 18Chapter 2 Sta
14、ck Effect2.1 Theoretical Discussion of Stack Effect 212.2 Practical Considerations of Stack Effect 232.3 Means to Minimize Stack Effect 24Chapter 3 The Design Process3.1 Project Phases 273.1.1 Alternative Processes 283.1.2 Schematic Design Phase 283.1.3 Design Development Phase 293.1.4 Construction
15、Document Phase 303.1.5 Bidding or Negotiation Phase 303.1.6 Construction Phase 31Appendix to Chapter 3 31vi | HVAC Design Guide for Tall Commercial BuildingsChapter 4 Systems4.1 Considerations in System Selection 374.2 Air-Conditioning System Alternatives 384.2.1 All-Air Variable Volume System 394.2
16、.1.1 Low Temperature Air VAV Systems 404.2.2 Air-Water Systems 404.2.3 Underfloor Air Systems 414.3 Air-Conditioning Supply System Conclusions 42Chapter 5 Central Mechanical Equipment Room vs. Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms5.1 The Alternative Systems 435.1.1 Alternative 1Central Fan Room 435.1.2 Alternati
17、ve 2Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Chilled Water Units 445.1.3 Alternative 3Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Direct Expansion Units 475.14 Floor-by-Floor Units Located on an Outside Wall 475.2 Points of Comparison of Alternative Schemes 485.2.1 First Cost 485.2.2 Construction Schedule Impact 505.2.3 Own
18、er Issues 505.2.4 Equipment Considerations 525.2.5 Architectural Issues 535.3 Acoustics 555.3.1 Acoustical Issues with Central Fan Systems 565.3.2 Acoustical Issues with Floor-by-Floor Fan Room Systems 57Chapter 6 Central Heating and Cooling Plants6.1 Plant Economic Considerations 616.2 Central Plan
19、t Locations 626.3 Acoustical Considerations of Central Plant Locations 636.3.1 Acoustical Considerations in the Refrigeration Plant MER 646.3.2 Vibration Isolation Requirements for Refrigeration Equipment 646.4 Impact of Central Plant Location on the Construction Schedule 66Chapter 7 Water Distribut
20、ion Systems7.1 Hydrostatic Considerations 687.2 Chilled Water Piping Arrangements 687.3 Impact of the Refrigeration Machine Location 717.4 Chilled Water Pressure Reduction 727.5 Piping, Valves, and Fittings 747.6 Piping Design Considerations 747.6.1 Expansion and Contraction 757.7 The Economics of T
21、emperature Differentials 75Chapter 8 Plumbing and Electric System Interfaces8.1 Plumbing Systems 778.2 Electrical Systems 788.2.1 HVAC Interface with the Emergency/Standby Generator 79Contents | viiChapter 9 Vertical Transportation9.1 The Basis of the System Configuration 819.2 Alternative Elevator
22、Configurations 839.2.1 Configurations for Super Tall Buildings 849.2.1.1 Sky Lobby Concept 849.2.1.2 Double-Deck Elevators 859.3 Service Elevator 869.4 HVAC Involvement with the Vertical Transportation System 879.4.1 Elevator Machine Room Cooling 889.4.2 Elevator Hoistway and Machine Room Venting 88
23、Chapter 10 Life Safety Systems10.1 The Unique Fire Safety Problem of the Tall Commercial Office Building 8910.2 Codes and Standards 8910.3 Components of a Fire Management System 9010.3.1 Detection System 9110.3.2 Fire Standpipe and Sprinkler Systems 9210.3.3 Smoke Management Systems 9310.3.3.1 Smoke
24、 Management with Central Air-Conditioning Systems 9410.3.3.2 Smoke Management with Floor-by-Floor Air-Conditioning Systems 9610.3.3.3 Smoke Management in Atriums 9710.3.3.4 Stairwell Pressurization 9810.3.4 The Emergency Generator/Standby Generator and the Life Safety System 9910.3.5 Elevator Recall
25、 System 10110.3.6 Communication Systems 10110.3.7 Central Fire Command Center 10210.4 Fire Safety Response Plan 102References 105Index 109AcknowledgmentsThe content of this book results from the design experience of one practitioner buthas been influenced by useful suggestions during its preparation
26、 from a number ofsources. It has been prepared as a research project authorized by ASHRAE. The ASHRAE Project Monitoring Subcommittee chaired by Thomas Kroeschelland consisting of Harvey Brickman, Mark Fly, W. Ted Ritter, Peter Simmonds, andDennis Wessel provided useful comments on both the structur
27、e and content of the text.In a similar fashion the partners of Jaros, Baum then the building will obtain a substantially greater price than would be thecase with a fully rented building at modest rents with long-term lease commitments orwhere the rental market is soft and increased revenue cannot be
28、 anticipated from theproperty.In large part, the reaction of a developer to specific real estate issues in the designof large commercial office buildings will be affected by the developer category from thealternatives just outlined (i.e., developer of a build-to-suit building for a single user,devel
29、oper with long-term ownership intentions, or developer with short-term ownershipintentions). A partial summary of these real estate issues is as follows:6 | HVAC Design Guide for Tall Commercial BuildingsMarket forces, which include prospective tenant perceptions and expectations.The developers targ
30、et market (e.g., financial services sector, general corporatemarket, unknown and unspecified business entities, etc.).Large multi-floor tenant occupiers vs. multi-tenanted single-floor occupants.Core to exterior wall dimension requirement to meet the needs of prospective ten-ants.Clear ceiling heigh
31、t desired on each office floor.Code-mandated building height or building massing limitation.Overtime building usage.Available alternative energy sources and their costs.Allowable utility metering arrangements.Green building issues.This list is, in general, self-explanatory and, in part, beyond the s
32、cope of this designguide. Several of these issues are discussed in detail in other chapters (e.g., large multi-floor tenant occupiers vs. multi-tenanted single-floor occupancy, overtime buildingusage, available energy sources and their costs, and allowable utility metering arrange-ments). There are
33、several listed matters for consideration that would usually be archi-tectural design matters but that are also impacted by the HVAC design solutions andtherefore warrant discussion in this introductory chapter.1.4 ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONSWhile clearly the architect must respond to many of the re
34、al estate considerationsjust outlined, there are architectural concerns to which the architect must respond thatrequire input from other members of the design team but are primarily architectural innature. These certainly include aesthetic considerations, such as the location of louverareas on the e
35、xterior of the building, which can modify the appearance of the building,or the inclusion of a large atrium. The architect must also address a request to include abelow-grade parking area, the provision of a significant retail area on the lowest level ofthe building or the inclusion of rental apartm
36、ents or condominiums in the project. Anyof these possibilities would raise a whole host of HVAC requirements as well as alterthe electrical, plumbing, and vertical transportation system details for the project. Theywould affect the mechanical design and the very massing of the structure as well as t
37、heresultant limitation on possible locations for mechanical and electrical space. Several ofthese matters are discussed subsequently in this design guide, but two other architecturalconsiderations require discussion at this juncture. These are the design of the core areasand the determination of the
38、 projects floor-to-floor height and the impact of the resolu-tion of both matters on the buildings cost as well as the architectural and HVACdesigns.1.4.1 Core DesignThe architectural design of the core areas of any building is much more difficultthan might appear at first glance. The core design is
39、 extremely critical from the per-spective of being organized in a manner that meets the needs of the occupants while alsosimplifying the provision of mechanical and electrical services to the occupied floor.But often the needs of the occupant of the floor are not established when the core isbeing de
40、fined and organized by the architect and the consulting engineers. Moreover,the cost of the core and its content can be substantial. Finally, the configuration of thecore impacts the usable area on a given floor and the resultant rent for that floor, so itshould be arranged in the tightest area poss
41、ible, resulting in the most efficient possibleuse of the floor.Chapter 1Introduction | 71.4.1.1 Core LocationMost tall commercial buildings are designed with a center core that provides maxi-mum flexibility in the architectural subdivision of the floor. This is particularly true inthe case of a mult
42、i-tenanted floor. In addition, use of a center core has the potential toimprove the distribution of air-conditioning ducts, since they can be extended to thefloor from both sides of the core. This both reduces their size and shortens their length.The center core also offers structural advantages, wi
43、th the stiff core providing ameans to resist wind loads. A center core can also simplify the construction of thebuilding in that it forms a central spine for the building with radial construction beingadded in all four directions, which can be accomplished more efficiently than if con-struction opti
44、ons were more limited.There are cases with small floors or with a building that is located against an exist-ing building party wall where a side core will be designed for a building. As is dis-cussed in chapter 5, “Central Mechanical Equipment Room vs. Floor-by-Floor FanRooms,” this can offer opport
45、unities for introducing outside air directly to the floor iffloor-by-floor air-conditioning units are planned for the building.In buildings with very large floor plates, multiple cores may be necessary to reducethe travel distance to stairs or toilets. A cost disadvantage of multiple cores is the po
46、ten-tial need for additional elevators, although this is not always necessary.1.4.1.2 Core ComponentsAs a minimum, the core must incorporate the following entities:Fire stairs.Vertical transportation elements, which will be an arrangement of elevators andpossibly escalators, including both passenger
47、 elevators and one or more service orfreight elevators.Toilet rooms for both the male and female population and with provision to meetthe Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements for both sexes.Electric closets.Communication closets for multiple telecommunication providers.Local fan rooms
48、(if floor-by-floor air-conditioning equipment is the selectedapproach for the project) or large supply air and return air shafts (if central fanrooms are the selected approach for the project).Shaft space for other HVAC risers, beyond those for the local fan rooms or the sup-ply and return ducts for
49、 the central fan rooms, such as toilet exhaust, generalexhaust, or dedicated smoke exhaust risers and possibly kitchen exhaust risers.Space for risers for the piping of the HVAC system and plumbing system as well asriser space for electrical distribution cable and distribution cable for the buildingmanagement and fire alarm systems.The number, location, and arrangement of the stairs are architectural issues that aredriven by the operative building codes that are in effect in the geographic area withinwhich the building is being constructed. A minimum of two stairs is always require
