1、 Access to Additional Content for ASHRAE HVAC Simplified, Date: 2006 (Click here to view the publication) This Page is not part of the original publication This page has been added by IHS as a convenience to the user in order to provide access to additional content as authorized by the Copyright hol
2、der of this document Click the link(s) below to access the content and use normal procedures for downloading or opening the files. HVAC Simplified Extra Files Information contained in the above is the property of the Copyright holder and all Notice of Disclaimer nor may any part of this book be repr
3、o-duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording,or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataKavanaugh, Stephen P.HVAC simplified / Stephen P. Kavanaugh.p. cm.ISBN 1-931862-97-4
4、 (softcover)1. Heating. 2. Ventilation. 3. Air conditioning. I. Title.TH7011.K38 2005697-dc222005037135ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSMildred GeshwilerEditorChristina HelmsAssociate EditorCindy Sheffield MichaelsEditorial AssistantMichshell PhillipsAdministrative AssistantPUBLISHING SERVICESDavid S
5、oltisManagerTracy BeckerGraphic Applications SpecialistJayne JacksonProduction AssistantPUBLISHERW. Stephen ComstockvContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6、 . viiAuthors Note. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ixAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi1 Introduction to HVAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 HVAC Fundamentals: Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Comfort, Air Quality, and Climatic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Heat and Moisture Flow in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818 Cooling Load and Heating Loss Calculations and Analys
11、is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039 Air Distribution System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12110 Water Distribution System Design . . . . . . . . .
12、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14511 Motors, Lighting, and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16912 Energy, Costs, and Economics .
13、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Appendix A Units and Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Appendix B Refr
14、igerant Pressure-Enthalpy Charts and Sea Level Psychrometric Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Appendix C Floor Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Appendix D Developing En
15、gineering Tools with Computer Spreadsheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227NomenclatureHVAC Terms, Abbreviations, and Subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231viiPrefaceThe text contains twelve chapters, including three short chapters that review the fun-damentals of refrigeration, heat transfer, and psychrometrics. Information fr
17、om theASHRAE HandbookFundamentals is summarized and supplemented with items fromindustry sources. The remaining chapters assemble information from ASHRAE hand-books, standards, manufacturer data, and design procedures commonly used by profes-sional engineers. Topics include equipment selection and s
18、pecification, comfort and IAQ,building assemblies, heating and cooling loads, air distribution system design, water distri-bution system design, electrical and control systems, design for energy efficiency, anddesign for economic value. A suite of complementary spreadsheet programs that incorporate
19、design and compu-tation procedures from the text are provided on the CD that accompanies this book. Theseprograms include psychrometric analysis, equipment selection, heating and cooling loadcalculation, an electronic “ductulator,” piping system design, a ductwork cost calculator,and programs to eva
20、luate building system demand and energy efficiency. Future updates tothese programs can be found at www.ashrae.org/updates.TARGET AUDIENCESNovice HVAC engineers that did not complete an HVAC course during their under-graduate programEngineers moving into the HVAC field from other areasUndergraduate
21、engineering students in design-oriented curriculumsNon-engineering professionals with strong building-related experienceDISTINGUISHING FEATURESThe text places an emphasis on design and the energy and economic evaluation ofresults. A large amount of information is provided so that instructors and stu
22、dents do not haveto frequently consult supplemental documents in order to complete HVAC system design.For example, one section provides an overview of the revised 2004 ASHRAE Standards62.1 and 62.2 ventilation air system design mandates, a feature not even included in theASHRAE Handbooks. Also, a la
23、rge amount of manufacturer performance data is providedwith correction methods when conditions vary from rated values. Performance data areprovided for packaged ACs, RTUs, air and water heat pumps, furnaces, chillers (six prod-uct lines), compressors, cooling towers, hydronic coils, pumps, fans, ele
24、ctric motors, light-ing products, and other equipment. The text concludes with a chapter on design evaluation methods. Sections in thischapter include HVAC system demand computations, a discussion of simplified energyanalysis, operating costs (including tables of maintenance, repair, and replacement
25、 costs),a presentation of methods to compute system installation costs (with references to moredetailed sources), and economic analysis methods.ixAuthors NoteThis text is an attempt to provide an understanding of fundamental HVAC conceptsand to extend these principles to the explanation of simple de
26、sign tools used to createbuilding systems that are efficient and provide comfortable and healthy environments. Mydecision to include the term “Simplified” in the title is rooted in my own preference forsimple and creative systems. However, this philosophy was perhaps better expressed byASHRAE Presid
27、ential member Bill Coad when he quoted Albert Einstein: “Everythingshould be as simple as possible, but no simpler.”1Certainly, there are procedures and tools that provide higher levels of accuracy anddetail than those I have included in this text. There are also some that are more straight-forward
28、and less complicated. However, I have attempted to provide a middle ground withregard to the level of difficulty by avoiding oversimplifications that are not suited to designand more complex methods that are more suited to analytical research.More importantly, I encourage readers to extend this phil
29、osophy of simplification tobuilding designs and HVAC systems. In some applications, complexity cannot be avoided.However, options also exist to extend complex technologies to modest buildings in whichthe added benefit is not economically justifiable for a client with limited financial andstaffing re
30、sources. The engineer must apply the pearl of wisdom of Einstein to best meetthe needs of 21st Century.Steve KavanaughDecember 20051. Coad, W.J. 1996. Indoor Air Quality: A Design Parameter. ASHRAE Journal 38(6):3947.xiAcknowledgmentsI wish to thank the cadre of volunteer reviewers that were assembl
31、ed by the cognizantASHRAE technical committee, Integrated Building Design (TC 7.1), which provided awealth of corrections and suggestions on a very compacted time schedule. Core committeemembers include Charles E. Gulledge III (Chair), Bill Williams, Dennis Knight, PeterGryc, Bert Phillips, Robert M
32、cDowell, Jesse Sandhu, Stirling Walkes, and Chris Ott.Additionally, the members of the ASHRAE Publications Committee and staff haveprovided encouragement and support for this effort. I also wish to thank my employer, TheUniversity of Alabama, for providing a sabbatical for the Spring 2004 semester,
33、duringwhich I completed the first five chapters of this work. I also wish to thank the many stu-dents; my mentors Drs. Jerald Parker, Harry Mei, and Gene Martinez; and my ASHRAEcolleagues, who have encouraged me to do a better job of presenting the ideas and con-cepts that have helped me learn. Fina
34、lly, I wish to express my special gratitude to BarbaraHattemer McCrary, my former student who became my teacher in the use of spreadsheetsas an engineering tool, and Kevin Rafferty, who reviewed the entire book and has provideda wealth of technical and philosophical insight throughout our many years
35、 of collabora-tion.1 Introduction to HVACThe challenges presented to engineers in the heat-ing, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) industryhave much in common with those in other technicalfields. HVAC engineers face constraints imposed by rap-idly changing technologies, increased liability, a
36、height-ened emphasis on short-term profitability, complexity incodes and standards, and an overabundance of informa-tion and misinformation. However, the public nature ofthe HVAC industry also presents many opportunities forthe engineer to be creative and influential.The successful HVAC engineer mus
37、t be technicallycompetent and conscientiously diligent in pursuit ofoptimum designs. However, in the 21st century, engi-neers must also be persuasive, to ensure their expertiseis respected, passionate in their concern for the publichealth and environment, and open to all perspectives inpursuit of hi
38、gh quality and economically viable solu-tions. HVAC engineers encounter a wide variety of indi-viduals ranging from owners of modest homes toemployees of large industrial complexes. They mustcommunicate and appreciate the needs of the broadestrange of people because their clients include everyonewho
39、 inhabits buildings.In the real world there are many ethical conflicts,and although ethical lapses in legal, political, medical,and other professions are often more publicized, theHVAC industry is not without the potential for malprac-tice, conflict of interest, and dishonesty. Examples ofinferior w
40、orkmanship and unnecessarily inflated costsare evident in the industry. Rules, codes, standards, andguidelines evolve with input from those having self-serving agendas as well as those seeking the commongood. Organizations such as the American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning En
41、gineers(ASHRAE) and the National Society of ProfessionalEngineers (NSPE) offer guidance to members for ethicalbehavior. A summary is offered here as a starting pointfor HVAC design.ENGINEERS CREED AND ASHRAE CODE OF ETHICSAn excerpt from the Engineers Creed of theNational Society of Professional Eng
42、ineers (NSPE)calls on the engineer to: give the utmost performance; participate in none but honest enterprise; live and work according to the laws ofman and the highest standards of professionalconduct;place service before profit, the honor andstanding of the profession before professionaladvantage,
43、 and the public welfare above allother considerationsThe ASHRAE Code of Ethics (ASHRAE 2004a) states:As members of a Society,“organized and operated for the exclusivepurpose of advancing the arts and sciences ofheating, refrigeration, air conditioning, andventilation, the allied arts and sciences, a
44、ndrelated human factors for the benefit of thegeneral public” ASHRAE 2004b,We recognize that honesty, fairness, courtesy,competence and integrity must characterizeour conduct. With the foregoing in mindOur efforts shall be directed at alltimes to the enhancement of thepublic health, safety and welfa
45、re.Our services shall be offered only inareas of our competence.Our products shall be offered onlyin areas of their suitability.Our public statements shall beissued only in an objective andtruthful manner.Our endeavors shall carefully avoidconflicts of interest and the appear-ance of conflicts of in
46、terest.The confidentiality of clients andemployers business affairs, propri-etary information, and proceduresshall be respected.Approved by the Board of Directors June 22, 1986THE BUILDING INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENTThe HVAC engineer operates in a world in whichtechnology is rapidly changing and convention
47、al roles,social behavior, working relationships, and partnershipsare being challenged and reinvented. Figure 1.1 is anorganizational chart of conventional working relation-ships for a large building project. The building ownersHVAC Simplified2principal point of contact is with an architect. Architec
48、tsare the lead designers and project managers. They willhire the engineers to design the building components intheir areas of expertise. A mechanical design firm is typ-ically responsible for the HVAC systems and interre-lated plumbing systems (water, hot water, gas or oilpiping, steam distribution,
49、 fire sprinklers, waste water,etc.). Design and construction teams often include manyadditional specialists not noted in Figure 1.1.Design consists ofcommunicating with the client(s) to determineneeds and requirements, assessing the situation and performing computa-tions to determine the most appropriate systems andoptions, taking steps to comply with building codes and reg-ulations, and communicating design results and intent with draw-ings and specifications. An important component in this process is toattempt to design the HVAC system within the prelimi-nary budget a
