1、10ASHRAE Datacom Series, Book 10American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329-2305www.ashrae.org/bookstoreA S H R A E D a t a c o m S e r i e s10Green Tips for Data CentersThe data center industry is focused on reducing energya
2、 focus driven by increasing energy costs and capital costs to add more data center capacity. Combined with rapid growth in the industry and the increase in power used by IT equipment, it is important that every data center operator understand the options for reducing energy. In the past, it was thou
3、ght that the critical nature of data center technology did not allow for traditional energy-saving approaches and that data centers continuous operation offered no “unoccupied” periods when energy could be saved. Today, however, there is recognition that energy can be saved in both the data center f
4、acility and the IT equipment. This book gives data center owners and operators a clear understanding of the energy-saving opportunities that exist. It covers the mechanical and electrical systems of the building and also the most promising opportunities in technology. In addition, the books organiza
5、tion follows a logical approach that can be used for conducting a preliminary energy assessment.This book is the tenth in a series of datacom books authored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment. This series provides comprehensive
6、treatment of datacom cooling and related subjects.ISBN 978-1-933742-95-39 781933 742953Product code: 90554 12/10Green Tips for Data CentersAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.DatacomSeriesCover_book10.indd 1 12/7/2010 5:55:52 PMGreen Tips for Data Centers 2
7、010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.This publication was prepared
8、in cooperation with TC 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment.Any updates/errata to this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.For more information on the ASHRAE Datacom Series, visitwww.ashrae.org/datacentereffi
9、ciency. 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Green Tips for Data C
10、entersASHRAE Datacom SeriesBook 10American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in ei
11、ther print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ISBN: 978-1-933742-95-3 2011 American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.Printed in the United States of Ame
12、ricaCover image by Joe Lombardo of DLB Associates._ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of an
13、y technical data or editorial material in this publi-cation does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publi-cation is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not neces
14、sarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or repro
15、duce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of this publication be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be
16、 submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions._Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataGreen tips for data centers / American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references.Summary: “Gives data center owners and operators a clear unde
17、rstanding of the energy-saving opportunities that exist for both the data center facility and the IT equipment and covers the mechanical and electrical systems of the building as well as the most promising technologies. Can be used for conducting preliminary energy assessment”- Provided by publisher
18、.ISBN 978-1-933742-95-3 (softcover)1. Data processing service centers-Heating and ventilation-Energy conservation. 2. Data processing service centers-Cooling-Energy conservation. 3. Microcomputers-Energy conservation. 4. Green technology. I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditi
19、oning Engineers. TJ163.5.O35G74 2011697.9316-dc222010046581ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSMark OwenEditor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield MichaelsManaging EditorMatt WalkerAssociate EditorElisabeth ParrishAssistant EditorHeather MedlockAssistant EditorMichshell Phi
20、llipsEditorial CoordinatorPUBLISHING SERVICESDavid SoltisGroup Manager of Publishing Servicesand Electronic CommunicationsTracy BeckerGraphics SpecialistJayne JacksonPublication Traffic AdministratorPUBLISHERW. Stephen Comstock 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Eng
21、ineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiP
22、reface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix1 Energy ManagementGreen Tip 1aInstall Monitoring Equipment to Measure Efficiency and Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Green Tip 1bRightsize the Cooling and Power Infrastructures . .
23、. . . . . 62 Environmental ConditionsGreen Tip 2aOptimize Supply Air Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Green Tip 2bImprove CRAC Unit Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Green Tip 2cOptimize Humidity Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Air Managem
24、entGreen Tip 3aImprove Return Air Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Green Tip 3bSeparate Hot and Cold Airstreams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Green Tip 3cImprove Underfloor Pressure Management . . . . . . . . . . 29Green Tip 3dOptimize IT Equipment Cabinet Airflow . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . 32Green Tip 3eImprove CRAC/CRAH Unit Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Cooling PlantGreen Tip 4aInstall Variable-Speed Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Green Tip 4bCooling Plant Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Green Tip 4cIncreas
26、e Water Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Green Tip 4dOptimize Pumping Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Green Tip 4eUse of Waste Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Green Tip 4fOptimize Chilled-Water and Condenser-Water S
27、upply Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Green Tip 4gImprove Pumping Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Green Tip 4hDirect-Expansion (DX) vs. Chilled-Water Systems. . . . . 621 Contents 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ww
28、w.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.vi Contents5 IT Power DistributionGreen Tip 5aImprove UPS Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. .65Green Tip 5bImprove Transformer Efficiencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .676 LightingGreen Tip 6Improve Lighting Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .697 IT EquipmentGreen Tip 7aImplement Server Virtualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73Green Tip 7bOpti
30、mize Data Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75Green Tip 7cEnable Power Management Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77Green Tip 7dSpecify High-Efficiency Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . .78Green Tip 7eRightsizing the IT Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . .80Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . .91 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ASHRAE T
33、echnical Committee (TC) 9.9 would like to thank the following people for their contributions:Dr. Roger Schmidt of IBM, past chair of TC 9.9, for his vision and leadership in the creation of this book.Jack Glass, PE, of Citigroup, chair of TC 9.9, for providing the leadership in organizing the book a
34、nd coordinating the development of the individual chapters.Jason Kutticherry (Citi), Bill Kosik (HP Mission Critical), Rick Pavlak (Heapy Engineering), Bill French (EMC), and Joe Prisco (IBM) for their participation as chapter leads. Don Beaty, Dan Dyer, Tom Davidson, John Lanni, and Bob Wasilewski
35、of DLB Associates for their substantial contribution to editing and developing final drafts for all of the Green Tips.Joe Lombardo of DLB Associates for the cover art.1 Acknowledgments 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal
36、 use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reprod
37、uction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.The mission-critical nature of computing continues to drive a need for datacom (data processing and telecommunications) facilities to sustain a high level of infor-mation t
38、echnology (IT) equipment dependability and availability. Datacom facility owners and operators have therefore focused their attention on the reliable perfor-mance of the power and cooling infrastructures and how to best handle the steadily increasing power density of the IT equipment. However, energ
39、y consumption, oper-ating costs, and carbon footprint are becoming increasingly important due in part to increasing concerns regarding global warming and depleting fuel reserves. These issues are magnified in datacom facilities since they represent a large, concentrated use of energy (up to 100 time
40、s the power density of an office building) and operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week (about three times the annual operating hours of a typical office building). The new challenge facing datacom facilities is how to continue to reliably serve mission-critical applications while doing so in the most
41、energy-efficient manner practical.The goal of this book is to identify techniques for optimizing energy efficiency in existing datacom facilities. Many of the techniques discussed can be implemented through simple operational changes, upgrades, or modifications that require a rela-tively low investm
42、ent and that cause little disruption to the existing operations of the IT equipment.The Green Tips in this book are aimed at datacom facility owners and operators as well as the professional consultants who advise them. By providing insight into practical techniques that have proven successful at ot
43、her datacom facilities, this book aims to encourage and give owners and operators the confidence to implement similar techniques in their own facilities.The techniques in this book are recommendations and do not serve as endorse-ments for any products or services that may be required to apply any of
44、 the tips described. Individual results will vary based on site criteria, preexisting conditions, and operational parameters.The format of this book was inspired by another ASHRAE publication, ASHRAE GreenGuide: The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings.1The datacom Green Tips
45、 are presented with an organization similar to the summary sidebars contained in ASHRAE GreenGuide. 1. ASHRAE, ASHRAE GreenGuide: The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Build-ings (Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2006).1 Preface 201
46、0 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.x PrefaceThe book is also organi
47、zed to be consistent with the major sections of the U.S. Department of Energys data center assessment tool, DC Pro.2The sections are: Energy Management, Environmental Conditions, Air Management, Cooling Plant, IT Power Distribution, Lighting, and IT Equipment.Throughout these Green Tips, abbreviatio
48、ns that are common to the datacom industry are used in a fairly generic manner. For example, CRAC (for computer room air conditioning) has been generically used to describe the cooling unit in the data-com space. Please refer to the abbreviations list and glossary for additional infor-mation.Sources
49、 for further information are included at the end of each Green Tip as well as in the References section at the end of this book.2. DOE, DC Pro Software Tool Suite (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, 2008), www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/datacenters/software.html. 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmiss
