1、RP-1592 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER DESIGN GUIDEComplete Guide to Combined Heat and Power Combined Heat and Power Design Guide was written by industry experts to give system designers a current, authoritative guide on implementing combined heat and power (CHP) systems. CHP systems provide electricity an
2、d useful thermal energy in a single, integrated system. Heat that is normally wasted in conventional power generation is recovered as useful energy, avoiding the losses that would otherwise be incurred from separate generation of heat and power. Recent advances in electricity- ef cient, cost-effecti
3、ve generation technologiesin particular, advanced combustion turbines and reciprocating engineshave allowed for new con gurations of systems that combine heat and power production, expanding opportunities for these systems and increasing the amount of electricity they can produce. Combined Heat and
4、Power Design Guide provides a consistent and reliable approach to assessing any sites potential to economically use CHP systems. This guide provides up-to-date application and operational information about prime movers, heat recovery devices, and thermally activated technologies; technical and econo
5、mic guidance regarding CHP systems design, site screening, and assessment guidance and tools; and installation, operation, and maintenance advice. As well as a glossary of terms, the book features extensive, detailed case studies on implementations in university, industrial, and hotel settings. Info
6、rmation is presented in both Inch-Pound (I-P) and International System (SI) units. Also included with the book is access to the newly developed ASHRAE CHP Analysis Tool, a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (in I-P units only) for use in assessing sites for CHP applicability. Combined Heat and Power Design
7、 Guide is an essential resource for consulting engineers, architects, building owners, and contractors who are involved in evaluating, selecting, designing, installing, operating, and maintaining these systems. 9 781936 50487 9 1791 Tullie Circle Atlanta, GA 30329-2305 404-636-8400 (worldwide) www.a
8、shrae.org ISBN 978-1-936504-87-9 Product code: 90555 5/15 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER DESIGN GUIDE ASHRAE_CHP-Design-Guide.indd 1 4/20/2015 3:09:24 PMCOMBINED HEAT AND POWER DESIGN GUIDE ASHRAE_CHP Design Guide_Book.indb 1 4/20/2015 4:32:03 PMThis publication was developed as a result of ASHRAE Research
9、 Project RP-1592 under the auspices of ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.10, Cogeneration Systems. CONTRIBUTORS The following individuals significantly contributed or provided material that was substantive with respect to the development of this publication. Updates/errata for this publication will be po
10、sted on the ASHRAE website at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates. Dr. Bruce Hedman Institute for Industrial Productivity Washington, DC www.iipnetwork.org ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTORS Lucas Hyman (PMS Chair) Goss Engineering, Inc. Corona, CA Geoffrey Bares CB&I Plainfield, IL Dragos Paraschiv Humber Col
11、lege Institute of Technology Toronto, ON www.humber.ca Dr . Timothy W agner United Technologies Research Center East Hartford, CT PROJECT MONITORING SUBCOMMITTEE (PMS) Richard Sweetser(Principal Investigator) Exergy Partners Corp. Herndon, V A Gearoid Foley Integrated CHP Systems Inc. Princeton, N
12、J Dr. James Freihaut The Pennsylvania State University Department of Architectural Engineering University Park, PA www.psu.edu PROJECT TEAM ASHRAE_CHP Design Guide_Book.indb 2 4/20/2015 4:32:03 PMRP-1592 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER DESIGN GUIDE Atlanta ASHRAE_CHP Design Guide_Book.indb 3 4/20/2015 4:32
13、:03 PMISBN 978-1-936504-87-9 2015 ASHRAE 1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved. Cover design by Laura Haass ASHRAE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, owned by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Eng
14、ineers, Inc. ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material
15、 in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opini
16、on in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user. No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with app
17、ropriate credit, nor may any part of this publication be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permission
18、s. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Combined heat and power design guide.pages cmIncludes bibliographical references.Summary: “Current, authoritative guide on implementing combined heat and power (CHP) systems that provide electricity and useful thermal energy in a single, integrat
19、ed system. Covers available technologies, site assessment, system design, installation, operation, and maintenance, with detailed case studies and a glossary. In dual units, Inch-Pound (I-P) and International System (SI)”- Provided by publisher.ISBN 978-1-936504-87-9 (softcover)1. Cogeneration of el
20、ectric power and heat. I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.TK1041.C6425 2014697-dc232014047007 ASHRAE Staff Special Publications Mark S. Owen, Editor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield Michaels, Managing EditorJames Madison Walk
21、er, Managing Editor (Standards)Sarah Boyle, Assistant EditorLauren Ramsdell, Editorial AssistantMichshell Phillips, Editorial CoordinatorPublishing Services David Soltis, Group Manager of Publishing Services and Electronic CommunicationsJayne Jackson, Publication Traffic AdministratorTracy Becker, G
22、raphic Applications SpecialistPublisher W. Stephen Comstock ASHRAE_CHP Design Guide_Book.indb 4 4/20/2015 4:32:03 PMv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 CHP FUNDAMENTALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Overvi
23、ew . 1 1.3 History . 2 1.4 CHP Trends . 6 1.5 CHP Benefits 9 1.6 CHP Design Basics 14 1.7 Energy Efficiency 16 CHAPTER 2 APPLICATION LOAD ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1 Load Types and Considerations . 33 2.2 Efficiency versus Load
24、Factor 34 2.3 Base, Average and Peak Loads 36 2.4 Thermal/Electric Ratio 38 2.5 Load Electric and Thermal Characteristics 40 2.6 Prime Mover Electric and Thermal Characteristics 41 2.7 Load Consolidation & Thermal Storage . 46 2.8 Load Measurement and Logging 49 2.9 Prime Mover Selection . 49 2.10 T
25、 ypical Applications . 50 CHAPTER 3 CHP SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.1 Electric Load Profiles . 55 3.2 Thermal Load Profiles 60 3.3 CHP System Configuration Options 63 CHAPTER 4 CHP APPLICATION ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.1 Types and Scope of CHP Studies 72 4.2 Tools and Software for Feasibility Study 82 CHAPTER 5 CHP ECONOMIC ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.1 Understandin
27、g CHP Output Value & Load Factor Impact . 85 5.2 Utility Rates and Tariffs . 90 5.3 Energy Supply Costs . 93 5.4 Operating and Maintenance Costs . 93 5.5 Other Costs and Taxes 94 5.6 Capital Costs 95 ASHRAE_CHP Design Guide_Book.indb 5 4/20/2015 4:32:03 PMvi CHAPTER 6 POWER GENERATION EQUIPMENT AND
28、SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.1 Prime Movers . 99 6.2 Internal-Combustion Engines 100 6.3 Combustion Turbines 109 6.4 Microturbines 124 6.5 Fuel Cells . 131 6.6 Heat-to-Power Equipment 134 6.7 Other Heat-to-Power Systems . 144 6.8 Generators 148 CHAPTER 7 HEAT
29、RECOVERY AND THERMALLY ACTIVATED TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 7.1 Heat Recovery Devices 157 7.2 Reciprocating-Engine Heat Recovery . 158 7.3 Combustion Turbine Heat Recovery . 163 7.4 Microturbine Heat Recovery 170 7.5 Fuel Cell Heat Recovery . 171 7.6 Thermally Activated Equipment
30、 174 7.7 Integration with Building Systems 185 CHAPTER 8 CHP REGULATORY AND POLICY ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 8.1 Regulation 189 8.2 U.S. Federal CHP Energy Policy . 192 8.3 Federal CHP Tax Policy 193 8.4 State CHP Energy Policy . 195 8.5 Grant
31、 Assistance Requirements 196 8.6 M&V Reporting 197 CHAPTER 9 CARBON REDUCTION, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, AND EMISSION CONTROLS . . 199 9.1 CHP Fuel Use and CO 2Emissions Calculations . 200 9.2 Environmental Emissions from CHP 210 9.3 Environmental Benefits of CHP 212 9.4 Emission Control Technologies
32、for CHP . 215 CHAPTER 10 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 10.1 Traditional Contracting: Design/Bid/Build 227 10.2 Construction Management Contracting: Design/Bid/Build 228 10.3 Engineering/Procurement/Construction . 229 10.4
33、 Permitting Requirements 233 10.5 Project Development Options 238 10.6 Project Schedule and Implementation . 241 ASHRAE_CHP Design Guide_Book.indb 6 4/20/2015 4:32:04 PMvii CHAPTER 11 CASE STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . 245 11.1 University Campus . 245 11.2 Pharmaceutical Research/Manufacturing Facility . 265 11.3 Luxury Full-Service Hotel . 274 CHAPTER 12 CHP ANALYSIS TOOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 12.1 Site Data Input Worksheet . 2
35、95 12.2 CHP System Input Worksheet 302 12.3 Print Page Worksheet . 311 APPENDIX A GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 APPENDIX B EXERGY ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 B.1 The Meaning of the Second Law: 323 B.2 Definitions and Concepts . 324 B.3 Exergy Analysis Examples 335 B.4 Fuel Gas Compressor Load Calculation . 342 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 ASHRAE_CHP Design Guide_Book.indb 7 4/20/2015 4:32:04 PMASHRAE_CHP Design Guide_Book.indb 8 4/20/2015 4:32:04 PMix Figure 1-1. Installed and Operating CHP Systems in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Figure 1-2. Henry Hub Spot Prices for Natural Gas 19962008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figure 1-3. Capacity (MW) of CHP by Fuel Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . 8 Figure 1-4. Base Case Estimate: Cost of Power Interruptions by Region/Class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 1-5. Emissions from CHP Plant versus the National Grid.
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figure 1-6. Energy Savings of Typical Packaged CHP Compared to Conventional Sources of Heat and Power Generation . .
42、 . . . . . . 12 Figure 1-7. Conventional Boiler for Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Figure 1-8. Power-Only Generator for Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Figure 1-9. Separate Power and Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Figure 1-10. Performance Parameters for Combined System for Examp
44、le 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Figure 1-11. CHP Power and Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Figure 1-12. Performance Parameters for Exampl
45、e 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Figure 1-13. CHP Power and Direct Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Figure 1-14. Perfo
46、rmance Parameters for Example 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 1-15. CHP Power and HRSG Heating Without Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure
47、 1-16. Cofiring Performance Parameters for Example 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 1-17. CHP Power and HRSG Heating with Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48、 25 Figure 1-18. Electric Effectiveness Eversus Overall Efficiency O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 2-1. Monthly Steam Demand Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 2-2. Monthly Chilled-Water Demand Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 2-3. Engine Jacket Temperature Balance 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Figure 2-4. Engine Jacket Temperature Balance 2 . .
