1、DISTRICT HEATING GUIDEComprehensive ReferencePlanning Appendices B, C)GWA Research LLCLyme, NHDonald Bahnfleth, PE(Chapter 2)Bahnfleth Group Advisors LLCCincinnati, OHVernon Meyer, PE(Chapters 4, 6)Heat Distribution SolutionsOmaha, NEPeter Mildenstein(Chapter 7)RambllDK-2300 Kbenhavn SIshai Oliker,
2、PhD, PE(Chapters 2, 3, 8; Appendix C)Joseph Technologies Corp. Inc.Montvale, NJJens Overgaard(Chapter 7)RambllDK-2300 Kbenhavn SPernille M. Overbye(Chapter 7)RambllDK-2300 Kbenhavn SKevin Rafferty, PE(Chapter 2)Modoc Point EngineeringKlamath Falls, ORSteve Tredinnick, PE, CEM(volunteer contributor)(
3、Chapters 2, 5)Syska Hennessy Group, Inc.Verona, WIDavid W. Wade, PE(volunteer contributor)(Appendix C)RDA Engineering, Inc.Marietta, GAPROJECT MONITORING COMMITTEESteve Tredinnick, PE, CEM (Chair)Syska Hennessy Group, Inc.Verona, WIMoustapha AssayedEmpower Energy SolutionsDubai, United Arab Emirates
4、Lucas Hyman, PEGoss Engineering, Inc.Corona, CASamer KhoudeirEmpower Energy SolutionsDubai, United Arab EmiratesVictor Penar, PEHanover Park, ILDavid W. Wade, PERDA Engineering, Inc.Marietta, GAUpdates/errata for this publication will be posted on theASHRAE website at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdat
5、es. 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.RP-1267DistrictHeatingGuide 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reprod
6、uction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ISBN 978-1-936504-43-5 2013 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.Cover Design by Laura HaassASHRAE is a registered trademark in th
7、e U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, owned by theAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, andASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, proce
8、-dure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data oreditorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty byASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does notwarrant that the inf
9、ormation in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not neces-sarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of anyinformation in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing
10、 from ASHRAE,except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review withappropriate credit, nor may any part of this publication be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys-tem, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, orotherwithou
11、t permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be sub-mitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataDistrict heating guide.pages cmIncludes bibliographical references.Summary: “Guidance for district heating system planning, design, operat
12、ion, and maintenance for inexperienced designersand complete reference for those immersed in district heating industry; includes terminology for district heating“- Providedby publisher.ISBN 978-1-936504-43-5 (softcover)1. Heating from central stations-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. American Society of
13、Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.TH7641.D4724 2013697.03-dc232013012052ASHRAE STAFF SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Mark S. Owen, Editor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield Michaels, Managing EditorJames Madison Walker, Associate EditorRoberta Hirschbuehler, A
14、ssistant EditorSarah Boyle, Assistant EditorMichshell Phillips, Editorial CoordinatorPUBLISHING SERVICES David Soltis, Group Manager of Publishing Services and Electronic CommunicationsJayne Jackson, Publication Traffic AdministratorTracy Becker, Graphics SpecialistPUBLISHER W. Stephen Comstock 2013
15、 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Acknowledgments .xvAcronyms .xviiPurpose and Scope1.1District Heating Background.1.1Applicability .1.2Comp
16、onents .1.2Benefits 1.3Environmental Benefits .1.3Economic Benefits.1.4Initial Capital Investment .1.5Concept Planning1.5Design.1.5Construction1.5Consumer Interconnection 1.6Typical Applications .1.6References 1.6Planning Overview 2.1Establish and Clarify the Owners Scope .2.3Development of the Data
17、base2.4Sources of Data for Existing Systems .2.4Heating Load .2.4Demand Diversity2.5Heat Load Density and Piping Costs 2.5Alternative Development .2.6Codes and Standards 2.6Local and Institutional Constraints 2.7Choice of Heating Medium 2.7Integrated Processes2.10Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 Plan
18、ning and System SelectionContents 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.viDistrict Heating GuideCentral Plant Siting .2.10Heat Distribution
19、Systems2.11Construction Considerations and Cost .2.11Consumer Interconnection .2.12Energy Costs 2.13Operation and Maintenance Costs .2.13Economic Analysis and User Rates 2.14Master Planning Conclusions .2.14Alternative Development for Heat Supply2.16Methods of Heat Generation2.16Conventional Heat-On
20、ly Boiler Plants 2.16District Heat Supply from Cogeneration Steam-Turbine-Based Stations.2.19Retrofit of Single-Purpose Electric Generating Steam Turbine to District Heat Supply. . . 2.21Overview2.21Configuration and Control of Steam Turbine Retrofits for District Heating .2.22Cycle Efficiencies.2.2
21、6Examples of Power Plants Retrofitted to Cogeneration 2.27District Heating/Cogeneration from Stationary Gas Turbines2.34Reciprocating-Engine-Based Cogeneration/District Heating Systems 2.37Large Heat Pumps 2.37Integration of Heating, Cooling, and Electric Generation2.39Centralized Chilled-Water Gene
22、ration by Thermal Energy 2.40Centralized Chilled-Water Generation by Electric Energy.2.41Decentralized Chilled-Water Generation by Thermal Energy 2.43Geothermal District HeatingDirect Use2.43U.S. Experience 2.44European Experience2.46References .2.46Bibliography 2.48Introduction .3.1Higher Thermal E
23、fficiency .3.1Use of Multiple Fuels .3.2Environmental Benefits .3.2Operating Personnel .3.2Insurance 3.2Usable Space.3.2Equipment Maintenance 3.2Use of Cogeneration .3.2Central Plant Advantages .3.3Central Plant Disadvantages 3.3Heating Loads3.4Central Plant Heating Medium .3.4Heat Capacity.3.5Pipe
24、Sizes3.5Condensate Return System .3.5Pressure and Temperature Requirements 3.5Boilers Pressure and Temperature3.6Chapter 3 Central Plant Design for Steam and Hot Water 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digit
25、al form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ContentsviiConstruction Materials .3.6Selection Parameters 3.6Efficiency .3.7Combustion Efficiency3.7Overall (or Thermal) Efficiency3.7Seasonal Efficiency 3.7Performance Codes and Standards .3.8Commercial Heating Boilers .3.8Central P
26、lant Design for Steam 3.8Typical System Arrangements .3.8Selection Criteria .3.10Construction Cost Estimate 3.11Feasibility Analysis3.12Environmental Regulations .3.12Water Supply 3.12Site Development.3.13Plant Access.3.14Plant Structures 3.15Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
27、.3.17Drainage 3.18Plant Safety .3.18Central Plant Security .3.19Steam Generators 3.19Boiler Design and Type 3.20Boiler Construction Options 3.20Available Fuels.3.21Combustion Technology Selection.3.21Burners.3.23Boiler Control 3.24Primary Air 3.25Economizer3.25Water Treatment and Makeup.3.25Sound an
28、d Vibration 3.26Seismic Issues .3.26Breeching .3.26Plant Stack3.27Fuel Train .3.28Oil Supply System 3.28Piping 3.29Combustion Air 3.29Maintenance and Operation 3.30Commissioning 3.30Central Plant Design for Medium- and High-Temperature Water3.31Introduction .3.31HTW Plant Arrangement .3.32Basic Syst
29、em 3.33Design Considerations.3.33Direct-Fired HTW Generators .3.34Direct-Contact Heaters (Cascades) 3.41System Circulating Pumps .3.41 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without
30、ASHRAEs prior written permission.viiiDistrict Heating GuideControls 3.44Water Treatment .3.46Heat Storage 3.46Safety Considerations .3.46Other Design Considerations .3.46Central Plant Design for Low-Temperature Water .3.46Typical System Arrangements 3.47Energy Sources 3.49System Temperatures .3.50He
31、at Exchangers .3.52Thermal Storage3.52Auxiliaries.3.52Expansion Tanks and System Pressurization 3.52Pumping System .3.55Pump Curves and Water Temperature for Constant-Speed Systems .3.55Parallel Pumping .3.57Series Pumping 3.59Multiple-Pump Systems .3.59Standby Pump Provision.3.59Variable-Speed Pump
32、ing Application.3.60Pump Connections .3.61Flow Design Considerations 3.62Design Guidelines 3.63Makeup and Fill-Water Systems .3.64Other System Components.3.64Emission Control and Instrumentation3.65Pollutants and Control Techniques.3.65Nitrogen Oxides (NOx).3.65Sulfur Oxides (SOx) .3.67Carbon Monoxi
33、de (CO) 3.67Particulate Matter (PM) 3.67Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)/Hydrocarbons (HCs) 3.67Calculation of Annual Emissions for District Heating Boilers 3.68Current Emission Standards 3.69Compliance Solutions .3.69Instrumentation and Controls for District Heating Plants .3.72General .3.72Instru
34、mentation 3.74District Heating Plant Controls 3.79Boiler Controls .3.80Non-Boiler Controls.3.82Control Panels .3.83Energy Management and Control Systems 3.85Control Variables .3.87Controls for Boilers .3.88Boilers Supervisory Control Strategies and Optimization .3.89Supply Water and Supply Pressure
35、Reset for Boilers 3.90Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System.3.91References .3.93 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Con
36、tentsixHydraulic Considerations .4.1Objectives of Hydraulic Design.4.1Water Hammer 4.1Pressure Losses.4.2Pipe Sizing .4.2Diversity of Demand4.2Network Calculations.4.3Condensate Drainage and Return.4.3Distribution System Construction.4.4Aboveground System 4.6Underground Systems .4.7Site-Fabricated U
37、nderground Systems .4.11Prefabricated Conduit Systems .4.16Geotechnical Trenching and Backfilling.4.27Piping Materials and Standards .4.29Supply Pipes for Steam and Hot Water .4.29Condensate Return Pipes.4.29Pipe Expansion and Flexibility 4.29Pipe Bends and Loops 4.31Cold Springing of Pipe.4.34Compu
38、ter-Aided Design .4.35Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations4.35Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices.4.36Cathodic Protection of Direct Buried Conduits .4.38Sacrificial Anode Systems4.38Impressed Current Systems 4.39Design, Maintenance, and Testing .4.39Leak Detection 4.40WSL Conduit
39、 Systems.4.40DDT-Type Conduit Systems 4.40Valve Vaults and Entry Pits.4.40Valve Vault Penetrations .4.41Ponding Water .4.42Crowding of Components 4.44High Humidity4.44High Temperatures .4.44Deep Burial4.45Freezing Conditions.4.45Safety and Access 4.45Vault Construction 4.46Vault Covers and Venting 4
40、.47Construction of Systems without Valve Vaults4.48References .4.49Introduction .5.1Connection Types.5.1Chapter 4 Distribution SystemsChapter 5 Consumer Interconnection 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digi
41、tal form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.xDistrict Heating GuideDirect Connection .5.1Indirect Connection 5.3Components .5.4Heat Exchangers 5.4Flow Control Devices.5.7Instrumentation .5.7Controller 5.8Pressure Control Devices .5.8Heating Connections 5.8Steam Connections 5.8
42、Hot-Water Connections5.10Building Conversion to District Heating .5.13Temperature Differential Control 5.13Metering .5.13References .5.16Thermal Design Conditions .6.1Soil Thermal Properties 6.2Soil Thermal Conductivity .6.2Temperature Effects on Soil Thermal Conductivity and Frost Depth .6.3Specifi
43、c Heat of Soils.6.4Undisturbed Soil Temperatures 6.5Heat Transfer at Ground Surface .6.7Insulation Types and Thermal Properties6.11Steady-State Heat Loss/Heat Gain Calculations for Systems.6.12Single Buried Uninsulated Pipe6.15Single Buried Insulated Pipe 6.17Single Buried Pipe in Conduit with Air S
44、pace 6.18Single Buried Pipe with Composite Insulation 6.20Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space .6.26Two Buried Pipes or Conduits 6.28Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels .6.30Pipes in Shallow Trenches .6.34Pipes in Loose Fill Insulation6.35Buried Pipes with Other Geometries .6.37Pipes in
45、 Air 6.38Economical Thickness for Pipe Insulation .6.38Calculating Temperatures of System Components and Surrounding Soil Temperatures. . 6.42Line Source of Heat .6.43Spherical Source of Heat.6.44Superposition6.45Spherical Heat Leak.6.45Spherical Heat Leak with Superimposed Parallel Line Source of H
46、eat 6.47Thermal Impacts on Utilities Adjacent to Buried Heat Distribution Systems 6.49References .6.49Chapter 6 Heat Transfer Calculations for Piping Systems 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
47、 not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ContentsxiIntroduction .7.1What is Thermal Storage? .7.1The Purpose of the Thermal Storage 7.1How Thermal Storage Works.7.2Benefits 7.3CHP Plants.7.3Heat Production Optimization7.3Operation .7.4Principles of Operation .7.5Storage Tank Monitorin
48、g7.7ChargingDirectly Connected Heat Storage7.8DischargingDirectly Connected Heat Storage .7.8Charging/DischargingPressurized and Decentralized Tank 7.9Water Quality 7.10Specific Design Issues 7.11Temperature.7.11Pressure 7.12Sizing 7.12Regulatory Requirements (Europe).7.13Economics .7.14Net Present
49、Value 7.14Seasonal Thermal Storage .7.14Examples of Thermal Storage.7.15Denmark7.15Other Countries 7.16References .7.17Bibliography 7.17Introduction .8.1Workplace Safety .8.2Requirements.8.2Hazards .8.3System Security 8.3System Operation .8.3Water Treatment and Filtration 8.4Corrosion 8.4Corrosion Protection and Preventive Measures8.5White Rust on Galvanized Steel Cooling Towers.8.6Scale Control 8.7Nonchemical Methods8.8External Treatments8.8Biological Growth Control.8.8Control Measures8.9Legionnaires Disease .8.12Suspended Solids and Depositati
