1、29.1CHAPTER 29REFRIGERANTSRefrigerant Properties 29.1Refrigerant Performance 29.6Safety . 29.6Leak Detection 29.9Compatibility with Construction Materials 29.10EFRIGERANTS are the working fluids in refrigeration, air-R conditioning, and heat-pumping systems. They absorb heat fromone area, such as an
2、 air-conditioned space, and reject it into another,such as outdoors, usually through evaporation and condensation,respectively. These phase changes occur both in absorption andmechanical vapor compression systems, but not in systems operatingon a gas cycle using a fluid such as air. (See Chapter 2 f
3、or more infor-mation on refrigeration cycles.) The design of the refrigeration equip-ment depends strongly on the selected refrigerants properties. Tables1 and 2 list standard refrigerant designations, some properties, andsafety classifications from ASHRAE Standard 34.Refrigerant selection involves
4、compromises between conflictingdesirable thermophysical properties. A refrigerant must satisfy manyrequirements, some of which do not directly relate to its ability totransfer heat. Chemical stability under conditions of use is an essentialcharacteristic. Safety codes may require a nonflammable refr
5、igerantof low toxicity for some applications. Environmental consequences ofrefrigerant leaks must also be considered. Cost, availability, effi-ciency, compatibility with compressor lubricants and equipmentmaterials, and local and national regulations are other concerns.Latent heat of vaporization is
6、 another important property. On amolar basis, fluids with similar boiling points have almost the samelatent heat. Because compressor displacement is defined on a volu-metric basis, refrigerants with similar boiling points produce similarrefrigeration effect with a given compressor. On a mass basis,
7、latentheat varies widely among fluids. Efficiency of a theoretical vaporcompression cycle is maximized by fluids with low vapor heatcapacity. This property is associated with fluids having a simplemolecular structure and low molecular mass.Transport properties (e.g., thermal conductivity and viscosi
8、ty)affect performance of heat exchangers and piping. High thermalconductivity and low viscosity are desirable.No single fluid satisfies all the attributes desired of a refrigerant;consequently, various refrigerants are used. This chapter describesthe basic characteristics of various refrigerants, an
9、d Chapter 30 liststhermophysical properties.1. REFRIGERANT PROPERTIESGlobal Environmental PropertiesChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs) can affect both stratospheric ozone and climate change,whereas hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) can affect climate change.Minimizing all refrige
10、rant releases from systems is important notonly because of environmental impacts, but also because chargelosses lead to insufficient system charge levels, which in turn resultin suboptimal operation and lowered efficiency.Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. The stratospheric ozone layerfilters out the UV
11、-B portion of the suns ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Overexposure to this radiation increases the risk of skin cancer,cataracts, and impaired immune systems. It also can damage sensi-tive crops, reduce crop yields, and stress marine phytoplankton (andthus human food supplies from the oceans). In additi
12、on, exposure toUV radiation degrades plastics and wood.Stratospheric ozone depletion has been linked to the presence ofchlorine and bromine in the stratosphere. Chemicals with long atmo-spheric lifetimes can migrate to the stratosphere, where the mole-cules break down from interaction with ultraviol
13、et light or throughchemical reaction. Chemicals such as CFCs and HCFCs releasechlorine, which reacts with stratospheric ozone.Ozone-depleting substances, including CFCs and HCFCs, are tobe phased out of production under the Montreal Protocol (UNEP2009). In the United States, production and importati
14、on of CFCswere banned completely in 1996. HCFCs are being phased down,with complete phaseout set for 2030. In 2010, to meet the MontrealProtocol phasedown schedule, U.S. regulations banned productionand importation of HCFC-142b and HCFC-22 for use in new equip-ment. Reclaimed CFC and HCFC refrigeran
15、ts that meet the require-ments of AHRI Standard 700 can continue to be used for servicingexisting systems. A complete list of U.S. regulations for CFC andHCFC refrigerants, including phaseout schedules, may be found atwww.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection. A summary of the phaseoutschedules for CFCs an
16、d HCFCs for both developed and developingcountries may be found at www.unep.org/ozonaction/topics/hcfc.asp.Global Climate Change. The average global temperature isdetermined by the balance of energy from the sun heating the earthand its atmosphere and of energy radiated from the earth and theatmosph
17、ere to space. Greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as CO2andwater vapor, as well as small particles trap heat at and near the sur-face, maintaining the average temperature of the Earths surfaceabout 61F warmer than would be the case if these gases and parti-cles were not present (the greenhouse effect).Glo
18、bal warming (also called global climate change) is a concernbecause of an increase in the greenhouse effect from increasing con-centrations of GHGs attributed to human activities. The major GHGof concern is CO2released to the atmosphere when fossil fuels (coal,oil, and natural gas) are burned for en
19、ergy. Methane (CH4), nitrousoxide (N2O), CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, hydrofluoroethers (HFEs), hy-drofluoro-olefins (HFOs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), nitrogen trifluo-ride (NF3), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are also GHGs.In 1988, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)and the World Meteorological Or
20、ganization (WMO) established theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to provide anobjective source of information about the causes of climate change,its potential environmental and socioeconomic consequences, andthe adaptation and mitigation options to respond to it. According tothe IPCC
21、 (2014), atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide hasincreased by more than 40% over the past 250 years, primarily fromburning fossil fuels, with some contribution from forestry and landuse. Concentration of methane has increased by over 150%, andof nitrous oxide by about 20%. IPCC (2014) deems a
22、tmosphericconcentrations of fluorochemicals, including fluorocarbon gasesThe preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 3.1, Refrigerants andSecondary Coolants.29.2 2017 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals Table 1 Refrigerant Data and Safety ClassificationsRefrigerant Number Chemical Namea,bChemical Form
23、ulaaMolecularMassaNormal Boiling Point,aFSafetyGroupMethane Series11 Trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F 137.4 75 A112 Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2120.9 22 A112B1 Bromochlorodifluoromethane CBrClF2165.4 2513 Chlorotrifluoromethane CClF3104.5 115 A113B1 Bromotrifluoromethane CBrF3148.9 72 A114 Tetrafluoro
24、methane (carbon tetrafluoride) CF488.0 198 A121 Dichlorofluoromethane CHCl2F 102.9 48 B122 Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF286.5 41 A123 Trifluoromethane CHF370.0 116 A130 Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) CH2Cl284.9 104 B231 Chlorofluoromethane CH2ClF 68.5 1632 Difluoromethane (methylene fluoride) CH
25、2F252.0 62 A2L40 Chloromethane (methyl chloride) CH3Cl 50.4 12 B241 Fluoromethane (methyl fluoride) CH3F 34.0 10950 Methane CH416.0 259 A3Ethane Series113 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane CCl2FCClF2187.4 118 A1114 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane CClF2CClF2170.9 38 A1115 Chloropentafluoro
26、ethane CClF2CF3154.5 38 A1116 Hexafluoroethane CF3CF3138.0 109 A1123 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane CHCl2CF3153.0 81 B1124 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane CHClFCF3136.5 10 A1125 Pentafluoroethane CHF2CF3120.0 55 A1134a 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane CH2FCF3102.0 15 A1141b 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroetha
27、ne CH3CCl2F 117.0 90142b 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane CH3CClF2100.5 14 A2143a 1,1,1-trifluoroethane CH3CF384.0 53 A2L152a 1,1-difluoroethane CH3CHF266.0 11 A2170 Ethane CH3CH330.0 128 A3EthersE170 Dimethyl ether CH3OCH346.0 13 A3Propane Series218 Octafluoropropane CF3CF2CF3188.0 35 A1227ea 1,1,1,2,3,
28、3,3-heptafluoropropane CF3CHFCF3170.0 3 A1236fa 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane CF3CH2CF3152.0 29 A1245fa 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane CF3CH2CHF2134.0 59 B1290 Propane CH3CH2CH344.0 44 A3Cyclic Organic Compounds (see Table 2 for blends)C318 Octafluorocyclobutane (CF2)4 200.0 21 A1Miscellaneous Organic
29、 CompoundsHydrocarbons600 Butane CH3CH2CH2CH358.1 31 A3600a 2-methylpropane (isobutane) CH(CH3)2CH358.1 11 A3601 Pentane CH3(CH2)3CH372.15 97 A3601a 2-methylbutane (isopentane) (CH3)2CHCH2CH372.15 82 A3Oxygen Compounds610 Ethyl ether CH3CH2OCH2CH374.1 94611 Methyl formate HCOOCH360.0 89 B2Sulfur Com
30、pounds620 (Reserved for future assignment)Nitrogen Compounds630 Methanamine (methyl amine) CH3NH231.1 20631 Ethanamine (ethyl amine) CH3CH2(NH2)45.1 62Refrigerants 29.3Inorganic Compounds702 Hydrogen H22.0 423 A3704 Helium He 4.0 452 A1717 Ammonia NH317.0 28 B2L718 Water H2O 18.0 212 A1720 Neon Ne 2
31、0.2 411 A1728 Nitrogen N228.1 320 A1732 Oxygen O232.0 297740 Argon Ar 39.9 303 A1744 Carbon dioxide CO244.0 109cA1744A Nitrous oxide N2O44.0129764 Sulfur dioxide SO264.1 14 B1Unsaturated Organic Compounds1150 Ethene (ethylene) CH2=CH228.1 155 A31233zd(E) Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene CF3C
32、H=CHCl 130.5 64 A11234yf 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene CF3CF=CH2114.0 20.9 A2L1234ze(E) Trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene CF3CH=CHF 114.0 2.2 A2L1270 Propene (propylene) CH3CH=CH242.1 54 A31336mzz(Z) Cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene CF3CH=CHCF3164.1 92 A1Source: ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2010.aCh
33、emical name, chemical formula, molecular mass, and normal boiling point are notpart of this standard.bPreferred chemical name is followed by the popular name in parentheses.cSublimes.Table 2 Data and Safety Classifications for Refrigerant BlendsRefrig. No. Composition (Mass %) Composition Tolerances
34、Molec-ular MassaNormalBubble Point, FNormal DewPoint, FSafety GroupZeotropes400 R-12/114 (must be specified) A1401A R-22/152a/124 (53.0/13.0/34.0) (2.0 /+0.5,1.5/1.0) 94.4 29.9 19.8 A1401B R-22/152a/124 (61.0/11.0/28.0) (2/+0.5,1.5/1.0) 92.8 32.3 23.4 A1401C R-22/152a/124 (33.0/15.0/52.0) (2/+0.5,1.
35、5/1.0) 101 22.9 10.8 A1402A R-125/290/22 (60.0/2.0/38.0) (2.0/+0.1,1.0/2.0) 101.6 56.6 52.6 A1402B R-125/290/22 (38.0/2.0/60.0) (2/+0.1,1/2) 94.7 53.0 48.8 A1403A R-290/22/218 (5.0/75.0/20.0) (+0.2,2/2/2) 92 47.2 44.1 A1403B R-290/22/218 (5.0/56.0/39.0) (+0.2,2/2/2) 103.3 46.8 44.1 A1404A R-125/143a
36、/134a (44.0/52.0/4.0) (2/1/2) 97.6 51.9 50.4 A1405A R-22/152a/142b/C318 (45.0/7.0/5.5/42.5) (2/1/1 /2) sum of R-152a and R-142b = (+0.0, 2.0)111.9 27.2 12.1406A R-22/600a/142b (55.0/4.0/41.0) (2/1/1) 89.9 26.9 10.3 A2407A R-32/125/134a (20.0/40.0/40.0) (2/2/2) 90.1 49.4 37.7 A1407B R-32/125/134a (10
37、.0/70.0/20.0) (2/2/2) 102.9 52.2 44.3 A1407C R-32/125/134a (23.0/25.0/52.0) (2/2/2) 86.2 46.8 34.1 A1407D R-32/125/134a (15.0/15.0/70.0) (2/2/2) 91 38.9 26.9 A1407E R-32/125/134a (25.0/15.0/60.0) (2,2,2) 83.8 45.0 32.1 A1407F R-32/125/134a (30.0/30.0/40.0) (2,2,2) 82.1 51.0 39.5 A1408A R-125/143a/22
38、 (7.0/46.0/47.0) (2/1/2) 87 49.9 49.0 A1409A R-22/124/142b (60.0/25.0/15.0) (2/2/1) 97.4 31.7 17.5 A1409B R-22/124/142b (65.0/25.0/10.0) (2/2/1) 96.7 33.7 21.5 A1410A R-32/125 (50.0/50.0) (+0.5,1.5/+1.5,0.5) 72.6 60.9 60.7 A1410B R-32/125 (45.0/55.0) (1/1) 75.6 60.7 60.5 A1411A R-1270/22/152a (1.5/8
39、7.5/11.0) (+0,1/+2,0/+0,1) 82.4 39.5 35.0 A2411B R-1270/22/152a (3.0/94.0/3.0) (+0,1/+2,0/+0,1) 83.1 42.9 42.3 A2412A R-22/218/142b (70.0/5.0/25.0) (2/2/1) 92.2 33.5 19.8 A2413A R-218/134a/600a (9.0/88.0/3.0) (1/2/0,1) 104 20.7 17.7 A2414A R-22/124/600a/142b (51.0/28.5/4.0/16.5) (2/2/0.5/+0.5,1) 96.
40、9 29.2 14.4 A1414B R-22/124/600a/142b (50.0/39.0/1.5/9.5) (2/2/0.5/+0.5,1) 101.6 29.9 15.0 A1415A R-22/152a (82.0/18.0) (1/1) 81.9 35.5 30.5 A2415B R-22/152a (25.0/75.0) (1/1) 70.2 17.8 15.2 A2416A R-134a/124/600 (59.0/39.5/1.5) (+0.5,1/+1,0.5/+1,0.2) 111.9 10.1 7.2 A1417A R-125/134a/600 (46.6/50.0/
41、3.4) (1.1/1/+0.1,0.4) 106.7 36.4 27.2 A1417B R-125/134a/600 (79.0/18.3/2.7) (1/1/+0.1,0.5) 113.1 48.8 42.7 A1418A R-290/22/152a (1.5/96.0/2.5) (0.5/1/0.5) 84.6 42.2 40.2 A2419A R-125/134a/E170 (77.0/19.0/4.0) (1/1/1) 109.3 44.7 32.8 A2420A R-134a/142b (88.0/12.0) (1,0/+0,1) 101.8 13.0 11.6 A1421A R-
42、125/134a (58.0/42.0) (1/1) 111.8 41.5 31.9 A1Table 1 Refrigerant Data and Safety Classifications (Continued)Refrigerant Number Chemical Namea,bChemical FormulaaMolecularMassaNormal Boiling Point,aFSafetyGroup29.4 2017 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals 421B R-125/134a (85.0/15.0) (1/1) 116.9 50.2 44.6 A142
43、2A R-125/134a/600a (85.1/11.5/3.4) (1/1/+0.1,0.4) 113.6 51.7 47.4 A1422B R-125/134a/600a (55.0/42.0/3.0) (1/1/+0.1,0.5) 108.5 40.9 32.2 A1422C R-125/134a/600a (82.0/15.0/3.0) (1/1/+0.1,0.5) 116.3 49.5 44.2 A1422D R-125/134a/600a (65.1/31.5/3.4) (+0.9,1.1/1/+0.1,0.4) 109.9 45.8 37.1 A1423A R-134a/227
44、ea (52.5/47.5) (1/1) 126 11.6 10.3 A1424A R-125/134a/600a/600/601a (50.5/47.0/0.9/1.0/0.6) (1/1/+0.1,0.2/+0.1,0.2/+0.1,0.2) 108.4 38.4 27.9 A1425A R-32/134a/227ea (18.5/69.5/12.0) (0.5/0.5/0.5) 90.3 36.6 24.3 A1426A R-125/134a/600a/601a (5.1/93.0/1.3/0.6) (1/1/+0.1,0.2/+0.1,0.2) 101.6 19.3 16.1 A142
45、7A R-32/125/143a/134a (15.0/25.0/10.0/50.0) (2/2/2/2) 90.4 45.4 33.3 A1428A R-125/143a/290/600a (77.5/20.0/0.6/1.9) (1/1/+0.1,0.2/+0.1,0.2) 107.5 54.9 53.5 A1429A R-E170/152a/600a (60.0/10.0/30.0) (1/1/1) 50.8 14.8 14.1 A3430A R-152a/600a (76.0/24.0) (1/1) 64 17.7 17.3 A3431A R-290/152a (71.0/29.0)
46、(1/1) 48.8 45.6 45.6 A3432A R-1270/E170 (80.0/20.0) (1/1) 42.8 51.9 50.1 A3433A R-1270/290 (30.0/70.0) (1/1) 43.5 48.3 47.6 A3433B R-1270/290 (5.0/95.0) (1/1) 44 44.9 44.5 A3433C R-1270/290 (25.0/75.0) (1/1) 43.6 47.7 47.0 A3434A R-125/143a/134a/600a (63.2/18.0/16.0/2.8) (1/1/1/+0.1,0.2) 105.7 49.0
47、44.1 A1435A R-E170/152a (80.0/20.0) (1/1) 49.04 15.0 14.6 A3436A R-290/600a (56.0/44.0) (1/1) 49.33 29.7 16.2 A3436B R-290/600a (52.0/48.0) (1/1) 49.87 28.1 13.0 A3437A R-125/134a/600/601 (19.5/78.5/1.4/0.6) (+0.5,1.8/+1.5,0.7/+0.1,0.2/+0.1/0.2) 103.7 27.2 20.6 A1438A R-32/125/134a/600/601a (8.5/45.
48、0/44.2/1.7/0.6) (+0.5,1.5/1.5/1.5/+0.1,0.2/+0.1/0.2) 99.1 45.4 33.5 A1439A R-32/125/600a (50.0/47.0/3.0) (1/1) 71.2 61.6 61.2 A2440A R-290/134a/152a (0.6/1.6/97.8) (0.1/0.6/0.5) 66.2 13.9 11.7 A2441A R-170/290/600a/600 (3.1/54.8/6.0/36.1) (0.3/2/0.6/2) 48.2 43.4 4.7 A3442A R-32/125/134a/152a/227ea (31.0/31.0/30.0/3.0/5.0) (1.0/1.0/1.0/+0.5/1.0) 81.77 51.7 39.8 A1443A R-1270/290/600a (55.0/40.0/5.0) (2.0/2.0/1.2) 43.47 48.6 42.2 A3444A R-32/152a/1234ze(E) (12.0/5.0/83.0) (1.0/1.0/2.0) 96.7 29.7 11.7 A2L444B R-32/152
