1、33.1CHAPTER 33PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALSALUES in the following tables are in consistent units toVassist the engineer looking for approximate values. For dataon refrigerants, see Chapter 29; for secondary coolants, seeChapter 31. Chapter 26 gives more information on the values formaterials used
2、 in building construction and insulation. Manyproperties vary with temperature, material density, and composi-tion. The references document the source of the values and pro-vide more detail or values for materials not listed here. Thepreparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 1.3, Heat Transferan
3、d Fluid Flow. Table 1 Properties of VaporMaterialMolecular MassNormalBoilingPoint, FCriticalTemperature,FCriticalPressure,psiaDensity,lb/ft3SpecificHeat,Btu/lbFThermalConductivity,Btu/hftFViscosity,lb/fthAlcohol, Ethyl 46.07a173.3a469.6b927.3b0.362j0.0073a0.0343j(60)Alcohol, Methyl 32.04a148.9a464.0
4、b1157b0.322j0.0174r0.0358j(30)Ammonia 17.03a28a270.3b1639b0.0482b0.525aa0.0128b0.0225aaArgon 39.948a302.5* 188.5* 704.9* 0.1114b0.125c0.0094a0.0507aAcetylene 26.04a118.5a96.8b911b0.0732b0.377a0.0108b0.0226aBenzene 78.11a176.2a553.1d714.2d0.167e(176) 0.31e(176) 0.0041e0.017aBromine 159.82a137.8a591.8
5、d1499d0.38f(138) 0.055f(212) 0.0035a0.041aButane 58.12a31.1a305.6d550.7d0.168g0.377aa0.0079a0.017aCarbon dioxide 44.01a109.3a87.9d1071d0.123g0.20g0.0084a0.033hCarbon disulfide 76.13h115.2h534h1046h0.1431p(80)Carbon monoxide 28.01a312.7a220.4d507d0.078d0.25f0.0133a0.040aCarbon tetrachloride 153.84g16
6、9.8h541.8h661h0.206q(80) 0.0375jChlorine 70.91a30.3a291.2d1118d0.201d0.117a0.0046a0.030aChloroform 119.39h143.1h506.1h794h0.126j0.0081r0.038jEthyl chloride 64.52h54.2h369.0h764h0.1793b0.426r0.00504j0.0378qEthylene 28.03h154.6h49.9h742h0.0783b0.352aa0.0102aa0.0231aaEthyl ether 74.12h94.4h378.8h523h0.
7、589h(95) 0.0273qFluorine 38.00h304.5h200.5h808h0.1022b0.194j0.0147j0.089jHelium 4.0026a452.1i450.2h33.21i0.0111i1.241aa0.0823aa0.0452aaHydrogen 2.0159a423.0i399.9i190.8i0.00562i3.40j0.0972aa0.0203aaHydrogen chloride 36.461a120.8a124.5d1198d0.1024b0.191j0.00757j0.0321jHydrogen sulfide 34.080a77.3a212
8、.7d1307d0.0961b0.238j0.00751j0.0281jHeptane (m) 100.21a209.2a512.2b394b0.21k0.476j0.0107j0.0168jHexane (m) 86.18a154a454.5d440d0.21k0.449j0.00971j0.0182jIsobutane 58.12f11.1* 275.0j529.1j0.154s(70) 0.376aa0.0081aa0.0168aaMethane 16.04a263.2a115.18j673.1b0.0448b0.520aa0.0178aa0.0250aaMethyl chloride
9、50.49a11.6a289.6j968.5b0.1440b0.184aa0.0054aa0.0244aaNaphthalene 128.19a424.4* 876.2j576.1j0.313q(77)Neon 20.183a412.6a379.7j391.3j0.246aa0.0268aa0.0718aaNitric oxide 30.01a241.6a135.2j949.4j0.238j0.0712jNitrogen 28.01a320.4a232.4j492.3b0.248j0.0138aa0.0402aaNitrous oxide 44.01a127.3a97.5j1049.3j0.2
10、03j0.01001j(80.3) 0.0543jNitrogen tetroxide 92.02a316.8j1469.6j0.201p(80) 0.0232r(131)Oxygen 31.9977* 297.3* 181.5* 731.4* 0.218j0.0141aa0.0462aan-Pentane 72.53a97.0* 385.9j489.5j0.400a(80) 0.00877j(80.3) 0.0282jPhenol 74.11b358.5b786b889b0.16k0.34k0.0099k0.029kPropane 44.09g43.76* 206.1* 616.1* 0.1
11、26g0.3753j(40) 0.0087j0.0179jPropylene 42.08b53.86l197.2l670.3l0.120l0.349aa0.0081aa0.0195aaSulfur dioxide 64.06b14.0b315b1142b0.183b0.145l0.0049j0.0281jWater vapor 18.02b212.0m705.18* 3200.0* 0.0373m0.489aa0.0143m0.0293aa*Data source unknown.Notes: 1. Properties at 14.696 psia and 32F, or the satur
12、ation temperature if higher than 32F, unless otherwise noted in parentheses.2. Superscript letters indicate data source from the References section.33.2 2013 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentalsTable 2 Properties of LiquidsName orDescriptionNormal Boiling Point,F at 14.696 psiaEnthalpyofVaporiza-tion,Btu/lbS
13、pecific Heat,cpViscosityEnthalpy ofFusion, Btu/lbDensityThermalConductivityVaporPressureFreezing Point,FBtu/ lbFTemp., F lb/hftTemp., F lb/ft3Temp., FBtu/ hftFTemp., Fmm of HgTemp., FAcetic acid 245.3a174.1b0.522b79203 2.956f68 84.0b65.49a68 0.099b68 400a210 61.9aAcetone 133.2a228.9b0.514b3773 0.801
14、f68 42.1b49.4a68 0.102b86 400a103 139.6aAllyl alcohol 206.6a294.1b0.655b70205 3.298f68 53.31a68 0.104b7786 400a176 200.2an-Amyl alcohol 280.6i216.3b9.686f73.4 48.0b51.06f59 0.094b86 100a186 110.2aAmmonia 28a583.2b1.099b32 0.643f28.3 142.9b43.50b50 0.29b586 400a49.7 107.9aAlcohol, Ethyl 173.3a367.5b0
15、.680b32208 2.889f68 46.4b49.27a68 0.105b68 100a94.8 179.1aAlcohol, Methyl 148.9a473.0b0.601b5968 1.434f68 42.7a49.40a68 0.124b68 100a70.2 144.0aAniline 363.8a186.6b0.512b46180 10.806f68 48.8b63.77a68 0.100b3268 10a156.9 20.84aBenzene 176.2a169.4h0.412h68 1.58a68 54.2h54.9d68 0.085h68 75d68 42aBromin
16、e 137.8a79.4d0.107f68 2.39a68 28.5d194.7f68 0.070a77 165d68 19an-Butyl alcohol 243.5a254.3h0.563f68 7.13f68 53.9b50.6a68 0.089h68 5d68 130an-Butyric acid 326.3a217.0h0.515f68 3.73a68 54.1a60.2a68 0.094h54 0.7d68 20aCalcium chloride brine (20% by mass)0.744i68 4.8i68 73.8i68 0.332i68 2iCarbon disulfi
17、de 115.3a148.8h0.240i68 0.88a68 24.8d78.9d68 0.093b86 295d68 168aCarbontetrachloride170.2a83.7h0.201f68 2.34a68 12.8d99.5d68 0.062j68 87d68 9aChloroform 142.3v106v0.234v68 1.36v68 92.96v68 0.075v68 160v68 81.8vn-Decane 345.2b0.50b68 86.9b45.6b68 0.086b68 1.3b68 21.5bEthyl ether 94.06v151v0.541v68 0.
18、56v68 42.4v44.61v68 0.081b68 440v68 177.3vEthyl acetate 170.8v183.8v0.468v68 1.09v68 51.2b52.3v68 0.101b68 72b68 116.3vEthyl chloride 54.2j165.9f(68) 0.368f32 29.68a56.05a68 0.179f33.6 400y53.1 213.5aEthyl iodide 162.1a82.1f(160) 0.368f32 0.0239f68 120.85a68 0.214f86 100y64.4 162.4*Ethylene bromide
19、268.8a99.2f(210) 0.174f68 0.0694f68 24.82a136.05a68 10y65.5 49.2aEthylene chloride 182.3a153.4f(308) 0.301f68 0.0338f68 38.02a77.10a68 60y64.6 31.64aEthylene glycol 388.4a344.0f(651) 77.86a69.22a68 0.100f68 1y128 12.7aFormic acid 213.3a215.8f(420) 0.526f68 0.0719f68 118.89a76.16a68 0.104a33 40y75.2
20、47.1aGlycerin(glycerol)359* 43.1f68 78.72a68 0.113a68 1a125.5 68a(20 mm)Heptane 209.2a138f0.532j68 0.990a68 60.4b42.7a68 0.0741j68 35.5y68 132aHexane 154a145f0.538j68 0.775d68 65.0b41.1a68 0.0720j68 120.0y68 139aHydrogen chloride 120.8a191f23.6f74.6db.p. 174.6aIsobutyl alcohol 226.4a249f0.116f68 9.4
21、5f68 50.0f68 0.082f68 9.7y68 162.4aKerosene 400560b0.50n68 6.0b68 51.2a68 0.086n68Linseed oil 104b68 58d68 11aMethyl acetate 134.6a177f0.468f68 0.940f68 60.6a68 0.093f68 169.8y68 144.6aMethyl iodide 108.5a82.6f1.21f68 142a68 320y68 87.7aNaphthalene 411.4a136f0.402fm.p. 2.18bm.p. 64.9b60.9ym.p. 2.18b
22、68 176.4aNitric acid 186.8v270v0.42v68 2.2k68 71.5v94.45v68 0.16v68 1.77v68 42.9vNitrobenzene 411.6b142b0.348b68 5.20b68 40.28v75.2b68 0.96b68 0.01b68 42.3bOctane 258.3b131.7b0.51b68 1.36b68 77.70b43.9b68 0.084b68 0.42b68 69.7bPetroleum 98165w0.40.6w68 192900w68 4066wn-Pentane 96.8a153.6h0.558h68 0.
23、546d68 50.1h39.1a68 0.066h68 425d68 201.5aPropionic acid 286.0a177.8f0.473h68 2.666a68 61.9a68 0.100* 54 3d68 5.4aSodium chloride brine20% by mass 220.8a0.745x68 3.80x68 71.8x68 0.337x68 0.57x68 2.6x10% by mass 215.5a.865x68 2.85x68 66.9x68 0.343x68 0.65x68 20.6xSodium hydroxide and water15% by mass
24、 215.0v0.864b68 72.4b68 5.8bSulfuric acid and water100% by mass 550.0v0.335b68 53b68 114.4v68 0.01b68 50.9b95% by mass 575.0v.35v68 52v68 114.6v68 0.01v68 18v90% by mass 500.0v0.39v68 60v68 113.4v68 0.22b68 0.01v68 15.0vToluene (C6H5CH3)231b156b0.404v68 1.42v68 30.9b54.1b68 0.090b68 0.88b68 139bTurp
25、entine 303a123v0.42b68 1.32b68 53.9b68 0.073b68Water 211.9* 970.3m0.999m68 2.39m68 143.5b62.32m68 0.348m68 17.59* 68 32.018mXylene C6H4(CH3)2Ortho 291b149b0.411b68 2.01b68 55.1b55.0b68 0.90b68 0.196b68 13bMeta 283b147b0.400b68 1.52b68 46.9b54.1b68 0.90b68 0.218b68 53bPara 281b146b0.393b68 1.62b68 69
26、.3b53.8b68 0.227b68 56bZinc sulfate and water10% by mass 0.90b68 3.80a68 69.2r68 0.337a68 29.7a1% by mass 0.80b68 2.54a68 63.0r68 0.346a68 31.7a*Data source unknown.Approximate solidification temperature.Notes: Superscript letters indicate data source from the References section.m.p. = melting point
27、 b.p. = boiling pointPhysical Properties of Materials 33.3Table 3 Properties of SolidsMaterial DescriptionSpecific Heat,Btu/lbFDensity,lb/ft3ThermalConductivity,Btu/hftFEmissivityRatio Surface ConditionAluminum (alloy 1100) 0.214b171u128u0.09nCommercial sheet0.20nHeavily oxidizedAluminum bronze(76%
28、Cu, 22% Zn, 2% Al) 0.09u517u58uAsbestos: Fiber 0.25b150u0.097uInsulation 0.20t36b0.092b0.93b“Paper”Ashes, wood 0.20t40b0.041b(122)Asphalt 0.22b132b0.43bBakelite 0.35b81u9.7uBell metal 0.086t(122)Bismuth tin 0.040* 37.6*Brick, building 0.2b123u0.4b0.93*Brass: Red (85% Cu, 15% Zn) 0.09u548u87u0.030bHi
29、ghly polishedYellow (65% Cu, 35% Zn) 0.09u519u69u0.033bHighly polishedBronze 0.104t530t17d(32)Cadmium 0.055a540f53.7b0.02dCarbon (gas retort) 0.17a0.20b(2) 0.81aCardboard 0.04bCellulose 0.32b3.4t0.033tCement (portland clinker) 0.16b120i0.017iChalk 0.215t143t0.48* 0.34* About 250FCharcoal (wood) 0.20
30、t15a0.03a(392)Chrome brick 0.17b200b0.67bClay 0.22b63tCoal 0.3b90t0.098f(32)Coal tars 0.35b(104) 75b0.07bCoke (petroleum, powdered) 0.36b(752) 62b0.55b(752)Concrete (stone) 0.156b(392) 144b0.54bCopper (electrolytic) 0.092u556u227u0.072nCommercial, shinyCork (granulated) 0.485t5.4t0.028t(23)Cotton (f
31、iber) 0.319u95u0.024uCryolite (AlF33NaF) 0.253b181bDiamond 0.147b151t27tEarth (dry and packed) 95t0.037* 0.41*Felt 20.6b0.03bFireclay brick 0.198b(212) 112t0.58b(392) 0.75nAt 1832FFluorspar (CaF2)0.21b199v0.63vGerman silver (nickel silver) 0.09u545u19u0.135nPolishedGlass: Crown (soda-lime) 0.18b154u
32、0.59t(200) 0.94nSmoothFlint (lead) 0.117b267u0.79rHeat-resistant 0.20b139t0.59t(200)“Wool” 0.157b3.25t0.022tGold 0.0312u1208u172t0.02nHighly polishedGraphite: Powder 0.165* 0.106*Impervious 0.16u117u75u0.75nGypsum 0.259b78b0.25b0.903bOn a smooth plateHemp (fiber) 0.323u93uIce: 32F 0.487t57.5b1.3b0.9
33、5*4F 0.465t1.41*Iron: Cast 0.12v(212) 450b27.6b(129) 0.435bFreshly turnedWrought 485b34.9b0.94bDull, oxidizedLead 0.0309u707u20.1u0.28nGray, oxidizedLeather (sole) 62.4b0.092bLimestone 0.217b103b0.54b0.36* to 0.90 At 145 to 380FLinen 0.05bLitharge (lead monoxide) 0.055b490bMagnesia: Powdered 0.234b(
34、212) 49.7b0.35b(117)Light carbonate 13b0.034bMagnesite brick 0.222b(212) 158b2.2b(400)Magnesium 0.241b108u91u0.55nOxidizedMarble 0.21b162b1.5b0.931bLight gray, polishedNickel, polished 0.105u555u34.4u0.045nElectroplatedPaints: White lacquer 0.80nWhite enamel 0.91nOn rough plateBlack lacquer 0.80nBla
35、ck shellac 63u0.15u0.91n“Matte” finishFlat black lacquer 0.96nAluminum lacquer 0.39nOn rough plate*Data source unknown.Notes: 1. Values are for room temperature unless otherwise noted in parentheses. 2. Superscript letters indicate data source from the References section.33.4 2013 ASHRAE HandbookFun
36、damentalsREFERENCESaHandbook of chemistry and physics, 63rd ed. 1982-83. Chemical RubberPublishing Co., Cleveland, OH.bPerry, R.H. Chemical engineers handbook, 2nd ed., 1941, 5th ed., 1973.McGraw-Hill, New York.cTables of thermodynamic and transport properties of air, argon, carbondioxide, carbon mo
37、noxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and steam. 1960.Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY.dAmerican Institute of Physics handbook, 3rd ed. 1972. McGraw-Hill, NewYork.eOrganick and Studhalter. 1948. Thermodynamic properties of benzene.Chemical Engineering Progress (November):847.fLange. 1972. Handbook of chemi
38、stry, rev. 12th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.gASHRAE. 1969. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants.hReid and Sherwood. 1969. The properties of gases and liquids, 2nd ed.McGraw-Hill, New York.iChapter 19, 1993 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals.jT.P.R.C. data book. 1966. Thermophysical Properties Research Ce
39、nter, W.Lafayette, IN.kEstimated.lCanjar, L.N., M. Goldman, and H. Marchman. 1951. Thermodynamic prop-erties of propylene. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (May):1183.mASME steam tables. 1967. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, NewYork.nMcAdams, W.H. 1954. Heat transmission, 3rd ed. McGra
40、w-Hill, NewYork.oStull, D.R. 1947. Vapor pressure of pure substances (organic compounds).Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (April):517.pJANAF thermochemical tables. 1965. PB 168 370. National TechnicalInformation Service, Springfield, VA.qPhysical properties of chemical compounds. 195561. America
41、n ChemicalSociety, Washington, D.C.rInternational critical tables of numerical data. 1928. National ResearchCouncil of USA, McGraw-Hill, New York.sMatheson gas data book, 4th ed. 1966. Matheson Company, Inc., EastRutherford, NJ.tBaumeister and Marks. 1967. Standard handbook for mechanical engi-neers
42、. McGraw-Hill, New York.uMiner and Seastone. Handbook of engineering materials. John Wiley andSons, New York.vKirk and Othmer. 1966. Encyclopedia of chemical technology. InterscienceDivision, John Wiley and Sons, New York.wGouse and Stevens. 1960. Chemical technology of petroleum, 3rd ed.McGraw-Hill
43、, New York.xSaline water conversion engineering data book. 1955. M.W. Kellogg Co.for U.S. Department of Interior.yTimmermans, J. Physicochemical constants of pure organic compounds,2nd ed. American Elsevier, New York.zWood handbook. 1955. Handbook No. 72. Forest Products Laboratory, U.S.Department o
44、f Agriculture.aaASHRAE. 1976. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants.bbLane, G. ed. 1986. Solar heat storage: Latent heat materials, Vol IITech-nology. CRC Press, Chicago.Paper 0.32* 58b0.075b0.92bPasted on tinned plateParaffin 0.4bb47bb0.14b(32)Plaster 132b0.43b(167) 0.91bRoughPlatinum 0.032u134
45、0u39.9u0.054bPolishedPorcelain 0.18* 162u1.3u0.92bGlazedPyrites (copper) 0.131b262bPyrites (iron) 0.136b(156) 310vRock salt 0.219u136uRubber, vulcanized: Soft 0.48* 68.6t0.08t0.86bRoughHard 74.3t0.092t0.95bGlossySand 0.191b94.6b0.19bSawdust 12b0.03bSilica 0.316b140v0.83t (200)Silver 0.0560u654u245u0
46、.02nPolished and at 440FSnow: Freshly fallen 7y0.34tAt 32F 31t1.3tSteel (mild) 0.12b489b26.2b0.12nCleanedStone (quarried) 0.2b95tTar: Pitch 0.59v67u0.51vBituminous 75t0.41uTin 0.0556u455u37.5u0.06hBright and at 122FTungsten 0.032u1210u116u0.032nFilament at 80FWood: Hardwoods 0.45/0.65b23/70z0.065/0.
47、148zAsh, white 43z0.0992zElm, American 36z0.0884zHickory 50zMahogany 34u0.075uMaple, sugar 45z0.108zOak, white 0.570b47z0.102z0.90nPlanedWalnut, black 39zSoftwoods See Table 4, Chapter 2522/46z0.061/0.093zFir, white 27z0.068zPine, white 27z0.063zSpruce 26z0.065zWool: Fiber 0.325u82uFabric 6.9/20.6u0
48、.021/0.037uZinc: Cast 0.092u445u65u0.05nPolishedHot-rolled 0.094b445b62bGalvanizing 0.23nFairly bright*Data source unknown.Notes: 1. Values are for room temperature unless otherwise noted in parentheses. 2. Superscript letters indicate data source from the References section.Table 3 Properties of Solids (Continued)Material DescriptionSpecific Heat,Btu/lbFDensity,lb/ft3ThermalConductivity,Btu/hftFEmissivityRatio Surface Condition
