1、35.1CHAPTER 35SUSTAINABILITYDefinition. 35.1Characteristics of Sustainability 35.1Factors Impacting Sustainability . 35.2Primary HVAC however,they should make their fair-share contribution to sustainability in alltheir endeavors, and encourage other individuals and entities to dothe same.Sustainabil
2、ity Is ComprehensiveSustainability has no borders or limits. A good-faith effort tomake a project sustainable does not mean that sustainability will beachieved globally. A superb design job on a building with sustain-ability as a goal will probably not contribute much to the global sit-uation if a s
3、ignificant number of other buildings are not so designed,or if the transportation sector makes an inadequate contribution, or ifonly a few regions of the world do their fair share toward making theplanet sustainable. A truly sustainable outcome thus depends onefforts in all sectors the world around.
4、The preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 2.8, Building Environmen-tal Impacts and Sustainability.35.2 2013 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentalsTechnology Plays Only a Partial RoleIt may well be that in due time technology will have the theoret-ical capability, if diligently applied, to create a sust
5、ainable future forthe planet and humankind. Having the capability to apply technol-ogy, however, does not guarantee that it will be applied; that mustcome from attitude or mindset. As with all things related to compre-hensive change, there must be the will.For example, automobile companies have long
6、 had the technicalcapability to make cars much more efficient; some developed coun-tries highly dependent on imported oil have brought their transpor-tation sectors close to self sufficiency. Until recently, that has notbeen the case in the United States. Part of the change is due toincreased custom
7、er demand, but more of it is driven by governmentregulation (efficiency standards). The technology is available, butthe will is not there; large-scale motivation is absent, what existsbeing mostly driven by regulation and the motivated few.Similarly, HVAC (2) the U.S. Green Building Councils (USGBC)
8、 Leadershipin Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green BuildingRating System; (3) the American Institute of Architects (AIA)2030 Challenge (AIA 2011); (4) the Green Building Institutes(GBI) Green Globes (www.thegbi.org/greenglobes); and (5) theU.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) ENERGY S
9、TARprogram (www.energystar.gov/).There is little ASHRAE, within its technological purview, can dodirectly about other, nontechnological barriers. It can, however, set agood example in its area of expertise and can also encourage, advise,and inspire other sectors to do their part to move towards sust
10、aina-bility. Examples include ASHRAEs guidance provided to the U.S.government on effective building energy efficiency programs, aswell as its many publications such as the Advanced Energy DesignGuides (AEDGs), the ASHRAE GreenGuide, and its numerous stan-dards and guidelines.FACTORS IMPACTING SUSTAI
11、NABILITYThe major factors impacting global sustainability are the follow-ing:Population growth and migrationFood supplyDisease control and ameliorationEnergy resource availabilityMaterial resource availability and managementFresh water supply, both potable and nonpotableEffective and efficient usage
12、 practices for energy resources andwaterAir and water pollutionSolid and liquid waste disposalLand useThe preceding are only broad categories, yet they encompassmany subsidiary factors that have received public attention recently.For instance, climate change/global warming, carbon emissions,acid rai
13、n, deforestation, transportation, and watershed managementare important factors as well. However, each of these can be viewedas a subset of one or more of the listed major areas.PRIMARY HVAC indeed, that awareness mayaffect decisions within the designers control.For instance, familiarity with an ene
14、rgy resources emissionscharacteristics, whether at the well head, mine mouth, or generatingstation, may influence the designer to make the building moreenergy efficient, or provide the designer with arguments to convincethe owner that energy-saving features in the building would beworth additional c
15、apital cost. Furthermore, as owners and develop-ers of buildings become more aware of sustainability factors,designers must stay informed of the latest information and impacts.One way to reduce a projects use of nonrenewable energy,beyond energy-efficient design itself, is to replace such energy use
16、with renewable energy. Designers should develop familiarity withhow projects might incorporate and benefit from renewable energy.Many kinds of passive design features can take advantage of natu-rally occurring energy.Sustainability 35.3Increasingly common examples of nonpassive approaches aresolar s
17、ystems, whether photovoltaic (electricity-generating) orsolar thermal (hot-fluid generating). Low-level geothermal sys-tems take advantage of naturally occurring and widely distributedearth-embedded energy. Wind systems are increasingly applied tosupplement electric power grids, and are also sometim
18、es incorpo-rated on a smaller scale into on-site or distributed generationapproaches.Some large power users, such as municipalities or large indus-tries, require that a minimum percentage of power they purchase befrom renewable sources. Also, renewable portfolio standards arebeing imposed on electri
19、c utility companies by regulators.Fresh Water SupplyHVAC similarly to theEPAs ENERGY STAR program, products are certified by an out-side third party before they can claim the WaterSense label.ASHRAE also has a standard now in development on water usage(Standard 191P).Discharge from building systems
20、can be reduced through carefuldesign, proper sequences and control, choice of lower-impact chem-ical treatment regimes, or nonchemical water treatment. These tech-niques may not eliminate chemical treatment in all applications, butnegative effects from such usage can be substantially reduced.Materia
21、l Resource Availability and ManagementDesigners do not typically focus on embodied impacts of theirsystems design. For example, within the LEED framework, build-ing systems under the purview of HVAC www.rggi.org) states and California.Evolving Standards of CareLitigation relating to sustainability a
22、nd global climate issues hasincreased. For example, a consortium of states successfully sued,and the U.S. Supreme Court agreed in 2007, that the U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA) may act to consider CO2a pollut-ant that is harming the environment and thus take measures toregulate its emiss
23、ions. This ruling is one of several developments inthe continued and broadened response to CO2emissions by societyat large. Building design and construction industries are alreadybeing impacted.In the United States, some states have adopted carbon legislation,such as Californias Global Warming Solut
24、ions Act of 2006. Thereand elsewhere, environmental impact reports are addressing notonly local and immediate pollutant impacts, such as stormwater run-off, but greenhouse gas emissions as well. Some communities haveset up their own programs intended to reduce their carbon foot-prints.Changing Desig
25、n ProcessEven in jurisdictions without regulatory action, change is hap-pening in the HVAC those teams are being asked toIncorporate sustainable design guidance, standards, and ratingsystems into their workAdd a variety of new team members to bring additional expertiseto address sustainabilityGather
26、 quantitative data related to energy, water, occupant satis-faction, greenhouse gas emissions, etc.Use new analysis tools (e.g., daylighting modeling) to help max-imize sustainabilityOpportunities relating to sustainability for the well-preparedengineer are growing. The increased focus on sustainabi
27、lity in thebuilt environment allows for more integrated, effective, and efficientways to meet the nexus between environment, economy, regulation,and societal pressure. The challenge for the industry is how quicklyit can adapt to these new opportunities and grow in an increasinglyregulated environmen
28、t. At the very least, the standard of care forengineers must be tracked and implemented to manage liability.Sustainability can provide an opportunity for engineers and othersto increase market share while exceeding current regulatory con-straints and anticipating future regulations. More details on
29、designconsiderations are provided in the section on Designing for Effec-tive Energy Resource Use.Integrating sustainability into HVAC in a well-designed system, these twoparameters are compatible. See Chapter 7 of this volume and Chap-ter 47 of the 2011 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications formore infor
30、mation on controls.REFERENCESAIA. 2011. 2030 challenge. http:/architecture2030.org/2030_challenge/the_2030_challenge.ASHRAE. 2006. ASHRAEs sustainability roadmapThe approach todefining a leadership position in sustainability. Presidential Ad HocCommittee.ASHRAE. 2010. ASHRAE greenguide: The design,
31、construction, and oper-ation of sustainable buildings, 3rd ed. J.M. Swift and T. Lawrence, eds.California. 2006. California global warming solutions act of 2006. StateAssembly Bill 32. September 27.CIBSE. 2005. Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings. Applica-tions Manual 10. Chartered Institu
32、tion of Building Services Engineers,London.Doris, E., J. Cochran, and M. Vorum. 2009. Energy efficiency policy ofthe United States: Overview of trends at different levels of govern-ment. Technical Report NREL/TP-6A2-46532. National RenewableEnergy Laboratory, Golden, CO. Available at http:/www.nrel.
33、gov/doc/fy10osti/46532.pdf.EIA. 2008. Annual energy outlook 2007. DOE/EIA-0383(2007). EnergyInformation Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington,D.C.IES. 2011. The lighting handbook, 10th ed. Illuminating Engineering Soci-ety, New York.IPCC. 2007. Fourth assessment report: Climate chang
34、e 2007. InternationalPanel for Climate Change, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.NAS. 2010. Advancing the science of climate change. National Academyof Sciences, Washington, D.C. Available from http:/www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12782&page=R1.Townsend, T.E. 2006. The ASHRAE promise: A
35、sustainable future. Inauguraladdress, ASHRAE Annual Meeting, Quebec City. http:/www.ashrae.org/File%Library/docLib/eNewsletters/Society%Connections/20060822_sustainable.pdf.UN. 1987. Our common future: Report of the world commission on envi-ronment and development. Annex to General Assembly document
36、 A/42/427, Development and International Co-operation: Environment. UnitedNations. http:/www.un- 2003. Montreal Protocol handbook for the international treaties forthe protection of the ozone layer, 6th ed., Annexes A, B, and C. Secretar-iat for the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
37、Layer andthe Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer,United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi.UNFCCC. 1998. Kyoto protocol to the united nations framework conven-tion on climate change. United Nations Framework Convention on Cli-mate Change, New York. http:/unfccc.int/resou
38、rce/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf.BIBLIOGRAPHYASHRAE. 2004. Advanced energy design guide for small office buildings:30% energy savings.ASHRAE. 2006. Advanced energy design guide for small retail buildings:30% energy savings.ASHRAE. 2008. Advanced energy design guide for K-12 school buildings:30% energy savi
39、ngs.ASHRAE. 2008. Advanced energy design guide for small warehouses andself-storage buildings: 30% energy savings.ASHRAE. 2009. Advanced energy design guide for highway lodging: 30%energy savings.ASHRAE. 2009. Advanced energy design guide for small hospitals andhealthcare facilities: 30% energy savi
40、ngs.ASHRAE. 2011. Advanced energy design guide for K-12 school buildings:50% energy savings.ASHRAE. 2011. Advanced energy design guide for medium to big boxbuildings: 50% energy savings.ASHRAE. 2011. Advanced energy design guide for small to medium officebuildings: 50% energy savings.ASHRAE. 2012. A
41、dvanced energy design guide for large hospitals: 50%energy savings.ASHRAE. 2009. ASHRAE position document on climate change. http:/www.ashrae.org/File Library/docLib/About Us/PositionDocuments/ASHRAE_PD_Climate_Change_2009.pdf.ASHRAE. 2009/2011. Energy efficiency guides for existing commercialbuildings, vol. 1: Technical Implementation, and vol. 2: The businesscase for building owners and managers.ASHRAE. 2010. Vision 2020: Producing net zero energy buildings. http:/www.ashrae.org/File Library/docLib/Public/20080226_ashraevision2020.pdf.
