1、 Confidential | Copyright 2016 IHS Markit Ltd Access to Additional Content For: FUNDAMENTALS SI HANDBOOK, Dated: May 2017 (Click here to view the publication) This Page is not part of the original publication This page has been added by IHS Markit as a convenience to the user in order to provide acc
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3、e of Disclaimer nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying,recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permis-sion should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Volunte
4、er members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the infor-mation in this handbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years. Com-ments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors oromissions in the data should be brought to the att
5、ention of the Editor. Additions and correc-tions to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the yearfollowing their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet website.DISCLAIMERASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investi
6、gated,and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process,procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technicaldata or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, orguaranty by ASHRAE of an
7、y product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like.ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. Theentire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 978-1-939200-58-7ISSN 1523-7230The paper for this book is both
8、acid- and elemental-chlorine-free and was manufactured with pulp obtained from sources using sustainable forestry practices.CONTENTSContributorsASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource GroupsASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifePrefacePRINCIPLESChapter 1. Psychrometr
9、ics (TC 1.1, Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics; TC 8.3, Absorption and HeatOperated Machines)2. Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles (TC 1.1)3. Fluid Flow (TC 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow)4. Heat Transfer (TC 1.3)5. Two-Phase Flow (TC 1.3)6. Mass Transfer (TC 1.3)7. Fundamentals of Control (
10、TC 1.4, Control Theory and Application)8. Sound and Vibration (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration)INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYChapter 9. Thermal Comfort (TC 2.1, Physiology and Human Environment)10. Indoor Environmental Health (Environmental Health Committee)11. Air Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous Air Contam
11、inants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment)12. Odors (TC 2.3)13. Indoor Environmental Modeling (TC 4.10, Indoor Environmental Modeling)LOAD AND ENERGY CALCULATIONSChapter 14. Climatic Design Information (TC 4.2, Climatic Information)15. Fenestration (TC 4.5, Fenestration)16. Ventilation and Infilt
12、ration (TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration)17. Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1, Load Calculation Data and Procedures)18. Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1)19. Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods (TC 4.7, Energy Calculations)HVAC
13、DESIGNChapter 20. Space Air Diffusion (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution)21. Duct Design (TC 5.2, Duct Design)22. Pipe Design (TC 6.1, Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems)23. Insulation for Mechanical Systems (TC 1.8, Mechanical Systems Insulation)24. Airflow Around Buildings (TC 4.3)BUILDING ENVEL
14、OPEChapter 25. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building AssembliesFundamentals(TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance)26. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building AssembliesMaterial Properties (TC 4.4)27. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building AssembliesExamples (TC
15、4.4)MATERIALSChapter 28. Combustion and Fuels (TC 6.10, Fuels and Combustion)29. Refrigerants (TC 3.1, Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants)30. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants (TC 3.1)31. Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines) (TC 3.1)32. Sorbents and Desiccants (TC 8.12, Dessic
16、ant Dehumidification Equipment and Components)33. Physical Properties of Materials (TC 1.3)GENERALChapter 34. Energy Resources (TC 2.8, Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability)35. Sustainability (TC 2.8)36. Moisture Management in Buildings (TC 1.12, Moisture Management in Buildings)37. Mea
17、surement and Instruments (TC 1.2, Instruments and Measurements)38. Abbreviations and Symbols (TC 1.6, Terminology)39. Units and Conversions (TC 1.6)40. Codes and StandardsADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONSINDEXComposite index to the 2014 Refrigeration, 2015 HVAC Applications, 2016 HVAC Systems andEquipment,
18、and 2017 Fundamentals volumesComment PagesCONTRIBUTORSIn addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantly to this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributors name.Kashif Nawaz (1, 4, 5)Oak Ridge National LaboratoryDon Gatley (1)Gatley tel
19、ephone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.PrefaceThe 2017 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals covers basicprinciples and data used in the HVAC combinedchilled-ceiling, displacement ventilation, and vertical radianttemperature asymmetry effects on sedentary office work; andupdates to align with ASHRAE Standard 55
20、-2013.Chapter 10, Indoor Environmental Health, has updates on bio-aerosols, plus new content on electronic cigarettes and on climatechange.Chapter 11, Air Contaminants, has new content on particle sizesand settling times, particulate contaminant effects, polymerasechain reaction (PCR) measurement, v
21、olatility, mercury, e-ciga-rettes, and 3D printers.Chapter 14, Climatic Design Information, includes new data for8118 locations worldwidean increase of 1675 locations fromthe 2013 edition of the chapteras a result of ASHRAE researchproject RP-1699.Chapter 15, Fenestration, has updated discussion on
22、U-factor,solar-optical glazing properties, complex glazings and windowcoverings, tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), and spectrallyselective glazing.Chapter 16, Ventilation and Infiltration, has been updated andrevised for clarity throughout, including recent research results onenvelope air leakage.
23、Chapter 17, Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations,has updates for 2017 climate data and current standards.Chapter 18, Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calcula-tions, has new design data for lighting power densities, motors,kitchen equipment, LED lighting, walls and roofs, and an u
24、pdatedexample calculation.Chapter 19, Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods, exten-sively revised, has new sections on method development history,using models, uncertainty, thermal loads and model inputs, enve-lope components, HVAC components, terminal components,low-energy systems, natural and hyb
25、rid ventilation, daylighting,passive heating, hybrid inverse method, and model calibration.Chapter 20, Space Air Diffusion, has new content on outlet typesand characteristics, air curtains, thermal plumes, and air move-ment in occupied zones.Chapter 21, Duct Design, was reorganized for ease of use,
26、andupdated for data from the latest version of the ASHRAE Duct Fit-ting Database.Chapter 22, Pipe Design, has a new title and now incorporates thecontent of its sister chapter, Pipes, Tubes, and Fittings, fromHVAC Systems and Equipment. Also added are content on PEXpipe, plus expanded applications.C
27、hapter 24, Airflow Around Buildings, has new content on flowpatterns around building groups and isolated buildings, environ-mental impacts, pollutant dispersion and exhaust reentrainment,pedestrian wind comfort and safety, and wind-driven rain.Chapter 30, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, h
28、as newor revised data for R-1233zd(E), R-245fa, R-1234ze(E), and R-1234yf.Chapter 34, Energy Resources, has extensive updates for new sta-tistics on worldwide energy use and resources.Chapter 35, Sustainability, has new content on the water/energynexus, embodied energy, and climate change.This volum
29、e is published, as a bound print volume and in elec-tronic format on CD-ROM and online, in two editions: one usinginch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the Interna-tional System of Units (SI).Corrections to the 2014, 2015, and 2016 Handbook volumes canbe found on the ASHRAE website
30、at www.ashrae.org and in theAdditions and Corrections section of this volume. Corrections forthis volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on theASHRAE website.Reader comments are enthusiastically invited. To suggest im-provements for a chapter, please comment using the form on theASHRAE webs
31、ite or, using the cutout page(s) at the end of thisvolumes index, write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 TullieCircle, Atlanta, GA 30329, or fax 678-539-2187, or e-mailmowenashrae.org.Mark S. OwenEditor1.1CHAPTER 1PSYCHROMETRICSComposition of Dry and Moist Air 1.1U.S. Standard Atmosphere. 1.1Thermod
32、ynamic Properties of Moist Air . 1.2Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation. 1.4Humidity Parameters. 1.8Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air 1.8Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature. 1.9Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties. 1.10Psychrometric Charts. 1.10Typical
33、 Air-Conditioning Processes 1.12Transport Properties of Moist Air 1.15Symbols 1.15SYCHROMETRICS uses thermodynamic properties to ana-Plyze conditions and processes involving moist air. This chapterdiscusses perfect gas relations and their use in common heating,cooling, and humidity control problems.
34、 Formulas developed byHerrmann et al. (2009) may be used where greater precision isrequired.Herrmann et al. (2009), Hyland and Wexler (1983a, 1983b), andNelson and Sauer (2002) developed formulas for thermodynamicproperties of moist air and water modeled as real gases. However,perfect gas relations
35、can be substituted in most air-conditioningproblems. Kuehn et al. (1998) showed that errors are less than 0.7%in calculating humidity ratio, enthalpy, and specific volume of satu-rated air at standard atmospheric pressure for a temperature range of50 to 50C. Furthermore, these errors decrease with d
36、ecreasingpressure.1. COMPOSITION OF DRY AND MOIST AIRAtmospheric air contains many gaseous components as well aswater vapor and miscellaneous contaminants (e.g., smoke, pollen,and gaseous pollutants not normally present in free air far from pol-lution sources).Dry air is atmospheric air with all wat
37、er vapor and contaminantsremoved. Its composition is relatively constant, but small variationsin the amounts of individual components occur with time, geo-graphic location, and altitude. Harrison (1965) lists the approximatepercentage composition of dry air by volume as: nitrogen, 78.084;oxygen, 20.
38、9476; argon, 0.934; neon, 0.001818; helium, 0.000524;methane, 0.00015; sulfur dioxide, 0 to 0.0001; hydrogen, 0.00005;and minor components such as krypton, xenon, and ozone, 0.0002.Harrison (1965) and Hyland and Wexler (1983a) used a value 0.0314(circa 1955) for carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide reache
39、d 0.0379 in2005, is currently increasing by 0.00019 percent per year and is pro-jected to reach 0.0438 in 2036 (Gatley et al. 2008; Keeling andWhorf 2005a, 2005b). Increases in carbon dioxide are offset bydecreases in oxygen; consequently, the oxygen percentage in 2036 isprojected to be 20.9352. Usi
40、ng the projected changes, the relativemolecular mass for dry air for at least the first half of the 21st centuryis 28.966, based on the carbon-12 scale. The gas constant for dry airusing the current Mohr and Taylor (2005) value for the universal gasconstant isRda= 8314.472/28.966 = 287.042 J/(kgdaK)
41、 (1)Moist air is a binary (two-component) mixture of dry air andwater vapor. The amount of water vapor varies from zero (dry air) toa maximum that depends on temperature and pressure. Saturation isa state of neutral equilibrium between moist air and the condensedwater phase (liquid or solid); unless
42、 otherwise stated, it assumes aflat interface surface between moist air and the condensed phase.Saturation conditions change when the interface radius is very small(e.g., with ultrafine water droplets). The relative molecular mass ofwater is 18.015 268 on the carbon-12 scale. The gas constant forwat
43、er vapor isRw= 8314.472/18.015 268 = 461.524 J/(kgwK) (2)2. U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHEREThe temperature and barometric pressure of atmospheric air varyconsiderably with altitude as well as with local geographic andweather conditions. The standard atmosphere gives a standard of ref-erence for estimating
44、properties at various altitudes. At sea level,standard temperature is 15C; standard barometric pressure is101.325 kPa. Temperature is assumed to decrease linearly with in-creasing altitude throughout the troposphere (lower atmosphere), andto be constant in the lower reaches of the stratosphere. The
45、lower at-mosphere is assumed to consist of dry air that behaves as a perfect gas.Gravity is also assumed constant at the standard value, 9.806 65 m/s2.Table 1 summarizes property data for altitudes to 10 000 m.Pressure values in Table 1 may be calculated fromp = 101.325(1 2.25577 105Z)5.2559(3)The e
46、quation for temperature as a function of altitude ist =15 0.0065Z (4)whereZ = altitude, mp = barometric pressure, kPat =temperature, CThe preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 1.1, Thermodynamics andPsychrometrics.Table 1 Standard Atmospheric Data for Altitudes to 10 000 mAltitude, m Tempera
47、ture, C Pressure, kPa500 18.2 107.4780 15.0 101.325500 11.8 95.4611000 8.5 89.8751500 5.2 84.5562000 2.0 79.4952500 1.2 74.6823000 4.5 70.1084000 11.0 61.6405000 17.5 54.0206000 24.0 47.1817000 30.5 41.0618000 37.0 35.6009000 43.5 30.74210 000 50 26.436Source: Adapted from NASA (1976).1.2 2017 ASHRA
48、E HandbookFundamentals (SI)Equations (3) and (4) are accurate from 5000 m to 11 000 m.For higher altitudes, comprehensive tables of barometric pressureand other physical properties of the standard atmosphere, in both SIand I-P units, can be found in NASA (1976).3. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MOIST A
49、IRTable 2, developed from formulas by Herrmann et al. (2009),shows values of thermodynamic properties of moist air based on theInternational Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). This ideal scalediffers slightly from practical temperature scales used for physicalmeasurements. For example, the standard boiling point for water (at101.325 kPa) occurs at 99.97C on this scale rather than at the tra-ditional 100C. Most measurements are currently based on ITS-90(Preston-Thomas 1990).The following properties are shown in Table 2:t = Celsius temperature, base
