1、ASHRAE Guideline 16-2014(Supersedes ASHRAE Guideline 16-2010)Selecting Outdoor, Return,and Relief Dampers forAir-Side EconomizerSystemsApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 18, 2014, and by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on January 22, 2014.ASHRAE Guidelines are scheduled to be update
2、d on a five-year cycle; the date following the guideline number is the year ofASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Guideline may be purchased on the ASHRAE website(www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail:o
3、rdersashrae.org. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US andCanada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2014 ASHRAE ISSN 1049-894XDISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the
4、benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that an
5、y tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes,bysuggestingsafeprac
6、ticesindesigningandinstallingequipment,byprovidingproperdefinitionsofthisequipment,andbyprovidingother information that may serve to guide the industry.The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to t
7、his Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.SPECIAL NOTEThis Guideline was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. ASHRAE Guidelines are developed under a review process, ident
8、ifyinga guideline for the design, testing, application, or evaluation of a specific product, concept, or practice. As a guideline it is not definitive butencompasses areas where there may be a variety of approaches, none of which must be precisely correct. ASHRAE Guidelines are writtento assist prof
9、essionals in the area of concern and expertise of ASHRAEs Technical Committees and Task Groups.ASHRAE Guidelines are prepared by project committees appointed specifically for the purpose of writing Guidelines. The projectcommittee chair and vice-chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee
10、 members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Guideline.Development of ASHRAE Guidelines follows procedures similar to those for ASHRAE Standards except that (a) committee balance isdesired but not required, (b) an effort is made to achieve co
11、nsensus but consensus is not required, (c) Guidelines are not appealable, and(d) Guidelines are not submitted to ANSI for approval.The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Guideline,b. participation in the next review of the Guideline,c. of
12、fering constructive criticism for improving the Guideline, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Guideline.ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20132014William F. Walter, Chair David R. Conover Malcolm D. KnightRichard L. Hall, Vice-Chair John F. Dunlap Rick A. LarsonKarim Amrane James W. Earley, Jr. Mar
13、k P. ModeraJoseph R. Anderson Steven J. Emmerich Cyrus H. NasseriJames Dale Aswegan Julie M. Ferguson Janice C. PetersonCharles S. Barnaby Krishnan Gowri Heather L. PlattSteven F. Bruning Cecily M. Grzywacz Douglas T. ReindlJohn A. Clark Rita M. Harrold Julia A. Keen, BOD ExOWaller S. Clements Adam
14、W. Hinge Thomas E. Werkema, Jr., CODebra H. KennoyStephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of StandardsASHRAE Guideline Project Committee 16CognizantTC:TC 9.1, Large Building Air-Conditioning SystemsSPLS Liaison: Dennis A. StankeSteven T. Taylor, Chair* Frank W. MayhewSafir M. Adeni Les MilewskiBryan H. Atkin
15、son Stanley A. Mumma*Gil Avery Keith D. Robinson*Herman F. Behls* Harry J. Sauer, Jr.*Michael R. Bilderbeck* David A. Schaaf, Jr.*Kirk H. Drees* Adrienne G. Thomle*Larry G. Felker Robert M. Van Becelaere*John L. Kuempel, Jr.* Michael L. Wolf*Denotes members of voting status when the document was app
16、roved for publication ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.CONTENTSASHRAE Guideline 16-2014,Selecting Outdoor, Return, and Relief Dampers for Ai
17、r-Side Economizer SystemsSECTION.PAGEForeword .21 Purpose.22 Scope23 Definitions .24 System Arrangements.25 Damper Selection Rationale .86 References9Informative Annex AInstallation of Dampers11Informative Annex BSensing Building Pressures 11Informative Annex CExample Problem12Informative Annex DBib
18、liography 14NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this guideline can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2014 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the America
19、n Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted
20、 without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ASHRAE Guideline 16-2014(This foreword is not part of this guideline. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the guideline.)FOREWORDControl damper selection and sizing are a critical firststep in the design of
21、 a control system. The system designershould take care to make the correct damper selections.Improper selection and sizing may cause hunting; impropertemperature, flow, and pressure control; and other opera-tional difficulties.The objective of this guideline is to address the applica-tion and sizing
22、 of outdoor, return, and relief dampers used tocontroloutdoor-air intake for economizer (free) cooling,minimum-ventilation outdoor airflow for indoor air qual-ity, andbuilding pressure.This guideline focuses on the three most common damperconfigurations for systems employing an air-side economizer:a
23、. Supply and return fanb. Supply and relief fanc. Supply fan with gravity (nonpowered) reliefThese configurations have outdoor, return, and reliefdampers. For other damper configurations, such as multiplereturn dampers within a system, the general information inthis guideline is still beneficial.The
24、 methods of control described in this guideline are notintended to indicate a control preference but to show how damp-ers typically operate in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioningsystems that include an air-side economizer.This is a revision of Guideline 16-2010. This guidelinewas prepared und
25、er the auspices of ASHRAE. It may be used,in whole or in part, by an association or government agencywith due credit to ASHRAE. Adherence is strictly on a volun-tary basis and merely in the interests of obtaining uniformguidelines throughout the industry. Changes made for the2014 revision includeupd
26、ated references andminor editorial changes.1. PURPOSEThis guideline provides the basis for selecting and sizingcontrol dampers (outdoor, return, and relief) commonly found inconstant-air-volume (CAV) and variable-air-volume (VAV) air-handling units (AHU) and systems with air-side economizers.2. SCOP
27、E2.1 This guideline covers the application of mixed-air con-trol dampers in AHUs and systems that incorporate air-sideeconomizer systems for cooling.2.2 This guideline addresses the selection of control dampersbased on damper characteristics and damper pressure drop.2.3 This guideline is not intende
28、d to cover dampers usedelsewhere in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning(HVAC) systems.2.4 This guideline does not cover air mixing.3. DEFINITIONS3.1 Definitions of most terms used in this guideline can befound in ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, AirConditioning, economizer damper D
29、-3 is closed.PL-2 is negative with respect to ambient while PL-1 ispositive. So the difference between the two is 0.16 in. wg (0.11 in. wg) or 0.27 in. wg (68 Pa). The return-air damper andduct are then selected for the same pressure drop. Iteration isrequiredtofindthatavelocityof1340fpm(6.8m/s)isre
30、quiredto create the desired pressure drop from PL-1 to PL-2 at 30,000cfm (14,000 L/s).The damper -value is 0.27/0.04 = 7. In this case, either aparallel-blade or an opposed-blade damper will provide areasonably linear response.REFERENCES1ASHRAE. ASHRAE Duct Fitting Database, 1994. Atlanta:American S
31、ociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.(This annex is not part of this guideline. It is merely infor-mative and does not contain requirements necessary forconformance to the guideline.)INFORMATIVE ANNEX DBIBLIOGRAPHYAlley, R.L. 1988. “Selecting and Sizing Outside and Re
32、turnAir Dampers for VAV Economizer Systems,” ASHRAETransactions, V. 94, Pt. 1.AMCA. 1989. Air Movement and Control Association Inter-national, Arlington Heights, IL. Damper ApplicationManual, Publication 502-06 (R2009).Avery, G. 1995. “Building Pressure Controls to Comply withthe Americans with Disa
33、bilities Act and ASHRAE Stan-dard 62-1989.” ASHRAE Transactions, V. 101, Pt. 2.Avery, G. 1996. “Selecting and Controlling Economizer Damp-ers,” Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning,August 1996.Haines, R.W., and D.C. Hittle. 1993. Control Systems forHeating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, 5th ed.NewYo
34、rk: Chapman & Hall. pp. 99-100.Honeywell Damper Sizing Manual 77-0078.Kettler, J.F. 1995. “Minimum Ventilation Control for VAVSystems: Fan Tracking vs. Workable Solutions,”ASHRAE Transactions, V. 101, Pt. 2.Robinson, K.D. 1997. “Static Air Mixer Fundamentals,”Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning, August
35、1997.Solberg, D., D. Dougan, and L. Damiano. 1990. “Measure-ment for the Control of Fresh Air Intake,” ASHRAE Jour-nal, January 1990.Taylor, S.T. 2000. “Comparing Economizer Relief Systems,”ASHRAE Journal, September 2000.FittingNumberFittingDescriptionDataSource1Velocityfpm (m/s)PressureDropin. wg (
36、Pa)1b1 Tee, diverting CR3-61500/315(7.6/1.6)0.15(38)2 Duct 315(1.6)04 Transition SR4-2315/100(7.6/0.5)0.01(2)5Louver withscreenManufacturer100(0.5)0Total0.16(40)FittingNumberFittingDescriptionDataSource1Velocityfpm (m/s)PressureDropin. wg (Pa)9Louver withscreenManufacturer100(0.5)010aTransition into
37、minimum out-door-air damperSR4-2100/1500(0.5/7.6)0.05(12)10Minimum out-door-air damperManufacturer1500(7.6)0.05(12)11 Duct 100(0.5/0.6)012 Transition SR4-1100/125(0.5/0.6)013s Tee, converging0.01(2)Total0.11(27)FittingNumberFittingDescriptionDataSource1Velocityfpm (m/s)PressureDropin. wg (Pa)1b2 Tee
38、, diverting SR5-151500/1500(7.6/7.6)0.14(35)6Return-airdamperManufacturer1340(6.8)0.04(10)7 Duct 1340(6.8)08 Transition CR11-11340/980(6.8/5.0)0.01(2_13b Tee, converging0.08(20)Total0.27(68) ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in eit
39、her print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.POLICY STATEMENT DEFINING ASHRAES CONCERNFORTHE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ITS ACTIVITIESASHRAE is concerned with the impact of its members activities on both the indoor and outdoor environment. ASHRAEsmembers will stri
40、ve to minimize any possible deleterious effect on the indoor and outdoor environment of the systems andcomponents in their responsibility while maximizing the beneficial effects these systems provide, consistent with acceptedstandards and the practical state of the art.ASHRAEs short-range goal is to
41、 ensure that the systems and components within its scope do not impact the indoor andoutdoor environment to a greater extent than specified by the standards and guidelines as established by itself and otherresponsible bodies.As an ongoing goal, ASHRAE will, through its Standards Committee and extens
42、ive technical committee structure,continue to generate up-to-date standards and guidelines where appropriate and adopt, recommend, and promote those newand revised standards developed by other responsible organizations.Through its Handbook, appropriate chapters will contain up-to-date standards and
43、design considerations as the material issystematically revised.ASHRAE will take the lead with respect to dissemination of environmental information of its primary interest and will seekout and disseminate information from other responsible organizations that is pertinent, as guides to updating stand
44、ards andguidelines.The effects of the design and selection of equipment and systems will be considered within the scope of the systemsintended use and expected misuse. The disposal of hazardous materials, if any, will also be considered.ASHRAEs primary concern for environmental impact will be at the
45、 site where equipment within ASHRAEs scopeoperates. However, energy source selection and the possible environmental impact due to the energy source and energytransportation will be considered where possible. Recommendations concerning energy source selection should be made byits members. ASHRAE (www
46、.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ASHRAE 1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.orgProduct code: 86833 3/14About ASHRAEASHRAE, founded in 18
47、94, is an international building technology society with more than 50,000 members worldwide.The Society and its members focus on building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration, andsustainability. Through research, standards writing, publishing, certification and continuing ed
48、ucation, ASHRAE shapestomorrows built environment today.For more information or to become a member of ASHRAE, visit www.ashrae.org.To stay current with this and other ASHRAE standards and guidelines, visit www.ashrae.org/standards.Visit the ASHRAE BookstoreASHRAE offers its standards and guidelines
49、in print, as immediately downloadable PDFs, on CD-ROM, and via ASHRAEDigital Collections, which provides online access with automatic updates as well as historical versions of publications.Selected standards are also offered in redline versions that indicate the changes made between the active standard andits previous version. For more information, visit the Standards and Guidelines section of the ASHRAE Bookstore atwww.ashrae.org/bookstore.IMPORTANT NOTICES ABOUTTHIS STANDARDTo ensure that you have all of the approved addenda, errata, and i
