1、19.1CHAPTER 19DATA CENTERS AND TELECOMMUNICATION FACILITIESUSEFUL DATACOM RESOURCES 19.1DATACOM EQUIPMENT, POWER TRENDS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES 19.3Datacom Equipment Workload 19.3Datacom Equipment Racks 19.3Datacom Equipment (Hardware). 19.3Datacom Equipment Components 19.7DATACOM FACILITIES.
2、19.8General Considerations . 19.8Air Cooling. 19.11Liquid Cooling . 19.13Energy Efficiency 19.14ATA centers and telecommunication facilities are significantlyDdifferent than most other facilities: Occupants of most facilities are people; the occupants in thesefacilities are software applications.Loa
3、d is more volatile and transient since software additions andchanges can happen so rapidly.Computer hardware is the major equipment and equipmentupgrades are often measured in months rather than years. Thisresults in upgrade/life cycle mismatches between hardware andfacility power/cooling.Often data
4、 centers have a connected power/cooling load density10 times or more that of a typical office building.The telecommunication industry is rapidly changing from pre-dominantly regulated land lines to wireless technology that uses thesame communications protocol (Internet Protocol or IP) as the datacen
5、ter industry. As a result, data centers and telecommunicationsfacilities are converging. TC 9.9 uses the term “datacom” to indicateboth data centers and telecommunication facilities. This chapter pro-vides some basic information about datacom facilities and where tofind additional information.Dataco
6、m facilities main requirements are space, power, cooling,and networking. Often, these are treated as services, and each ser-vice can have a service-level agreement (SLA). Because of the highdensity, it is becoming increasing popular to provide metering forservices at each service interface point.Bec
7、ause of the high capital cost and short life cycle of datacomequipment, as well as the continued evolution of cloud computing(i.e., computing as a service), the trend is towards companies owningless of their own datacom facility, and renting more resources froma third-party facility owner. These com
8、e in many different varieties;a common general format is retail or wholesale colocation facilities.A colocation center (also co-location, collocation, colo, orcoloc) is a type of datacom facility where equipment, space, andbandwidth are available for rent. Colocation facilities provide space,power,
9、cooling, and physical security services for server, storage,and networking equipment. Their fiber services are typically redun-dant and diverse, and connect the facilities to various telecommuni-cations and network service providers.Figure 1 provides an overview of the major spaces in a typicaldatac
10、om facility.Datacom facilities provide space, power, cooling, and net-working to datacom equipment (hardware). This chapter focuseson the equipments requirements, such as thermal, air quality, andpower.1. USEFUL DATACOM RESOURCESASHRAE Datacom SeriesThis series comprises 11 books produced by TC 9.9.
11、 To keep pacewith the datacom industry, some books have multiple editions withupdated information. New book titles are also planned in the future. These books are equally useful for experts and people new to thisindustry. The following are brief descriptions of each book.Thermal Guidelines for Data
12、Processing Environments(ASHRAE 2012a). The trend toward increased equipment powerdensity in data centers presents significant challenges to thermaldesign and operation. Undesirable side effects include decreasedequipment availability, wasted floor space, and inefficient cooling-system operation.Avoi
13、ding a mismatch between datacom equipment environmen-tal requirements and those of adjacent equipment, or between data-com equipment requirements and facility operating conditions,requires a standard practice solution to datacom equipment inter-changeability that preserves industry innovation.ASHRAE
14、 (2012a) provides a framework to align the goals ofequipment hardware manufacturers, facility designers, operators,and managers. This book covers four primary areas: equipmentoperating environment specifications, facility temperature andhumidity measurement, equipment placement and airflow patterns,
15、and equipment manufacturers heat load and airflow requirementsreporting.The preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 9.9, Mission CriticalFacilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment.Fig. 1 Typical Datacom Facility Space Plan19.2 2015 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC ApplicationsDat
16、acom Equipment Power Trends and Cooling Applications(ASHRAE 2012b). Datacom equipment technology is advancing ata rapid pace, resulting in relatively short product cycles and anincreased frequency of datacom equipment upgrades. Because data-com facilities and their associated HVAC infrastructure are
17、 typi-cally built to have longer life cycles, any modern datacom facilityneeds the ability to seamlessly accommodate the multiple datacomequipment deployments it will experience during its lifetime.Based on the latest information from leading datacom equipmentmanufacturers, ASHRAE (2012b) provides d
18、atacom equipmentpower trend charts through 2020 to allow datacom facility designersto more accurately predict future equipment loads, and supplies waysof applying the trend information to datacom facility designs today.Also included is an overview of various air- and liquid-coolingsystem options for
19、 handling future loads and an invaluable appendixcontaining terms and definitions used by datacom equipment man-ufacturers, the facilities operation industry, and the cooling designand construction industry.Design Considerations for Datacom Equipment Centers(ASHRAE 2009a). The design of computer roo
20、ms and telecommu-nications facilities is different in fundamental ways from the designof facilities used primarily for human occupancy. As the power den-sity of datacom equipment continues to increase, this difference hasgrown more extreme.This book covers basic design considerations for data and co
21、m-munications equipment centers. The Datacom Facility Basics sec-tion includes chapters on datacom design criteria (temperature,temperature rate of change, relative humidity, dew point, and filtra-tion), HVAC load, computer room cooling (including both air andliquid cooling), and air distribution.Th
22、e section on Other Considerations includes chapters on ancil-lary spaces (battery plants, emergency generator rooms, burn-inrooms and test labs, and spare parts rooms), contamination, acous-tical noise emissions, structural and seismic design and testing, firedetection and suppression, commissioning
23、, availability and redun-dancy, and energy efficiency. This book does not cover electrical orelectronic systems design and distribution.Liquid Cooling Guidelines for Datacom Equipment Centers(ASHRAE 2006). Datacom equipment today is predominantly aircooled. However, with rack heat loads steadily cli
24、mbing, the abilityof many data centers to deliver either adequate airflow rates or suf-ficient chilled air is now being stretched to the limit. These trends inthe heat load generated by datacom equipment can have detrimentalside effects, such as decreased equipment availability, wasted floorspace, a
25、nd inefficient cooling system operation. This situation iscreating a need for implementing liquid cooling solutions.The overall goals of liquid implementations include aspects suchas transferring as much waste heat to the facility liquid-cooling loopas possible, reducing the overall volume of airflo
26、w needed by theracks, and reducing processor temperatures to improve computerperformance.This book includes definitions for liquid and air cooling as theyapply to the datacom equipment, describing the various liquid loopsthat can exist in a building that houses a datacom space. The bookalso bridges
27、the liquid-cooling systems by providing guidelines oninterface requirements between the chilled-water system and thetechnology-cooling system, and outlines the requirements of liquid-cooled systems that attach to an electronics rack and are imple-mented to help datacom room thermal management.Struct
28、ural and Vibration Guidelines for Datacom EquipmentCenters (ASHRAE 2008a). The typical life span of datacom equip-ment is often three to five years. On the other hand, the anticipatedlife span of the mechanical and electrical infrastructure is 15 to20 years, and the buildings structure can last 20 t
29、o 50 years. Con-sequently the buildings infrastructure and structure may eventuallyhouse and support many vintages of datacom equipment.This book is divided into four main sections. Part 1 gives an over-view of the best practices in the design of datacom facilities, includ-ing recommendations for ne
30、w and renovated building structures,building infrastructure, and datacom equipment. Part 2 coversdesign of new and existing structures. In Part 3, structural consider-ations of the buildings infrastructure, raised-access floor systems,and vibration sources and their control are discussed in detail.
31、Part4 covers shock and vibration testing, seismic anchorage systems,and analysis of datacom equipment.Best Practices for Datacom Facility Energy Efficiency(ASHRAE 2009b). Sustainable design, global warming, dwindlingfuel reserves, energy use, and operating cost are becoming increas-ingly more import
32、ant. These issues are even more important in data-com facilities because of their large, concentrated use of energy (canbe 100 times the usage of an office building); 24/7 operations haveabout three times the annual operating hours as other commercialproperties.The intent of this publication is to p
33、rovide detailed informationto help minimize the life-cycle cost to the client and maximizeenergy efficiency in a datacom facility.This book covers many aspects of datacom facility energy effi-ciency, including environmental criteria, mechanical equipment andsystems, economizer cycles, airflow distri
34、bution, HVAC controlsand energy management, electrical distribution equipment, datacomequipment efficiency, liquid cooling, total cost of ownership, andemerging technologies. There are also appendices on topics such asfacility commissioning, and operations and maintenance.High Density Data CentersCa
35、se Studies and Other Consid-erations (ASHRAE 2008b). Data centers and telecommunicationsrooms that house datacom equipment are becoming increasinglymore difficult to adequately cool because datacom equipment man-ufacturers continually increase datacom performance at the cost ofincreased heat dissipa
36、tion. The objective of this book is to providea series of case studies of high-density data centers and a range ofventilation schemes that demonstrate how loads can be cooled usinga number of approaches.Particulate and Gaseous Contamination in Datacom Environ-ments (ASHRAE 2014). Particulate and gas
37、eous contaminationmonitoring, prevention, and control in datacom environments havegained greater importance because of an increase in datacom equip-ment reliability concerns arising from many factors: mission-criticalsocietal dependence on computers; continued miniaturization of elec-tronic circuit
38、features; elimination of lead from printed circuit boardsolder metallurgies; proliferation of datacom equipment into loca-tions with high levels of sulfur-bearing contamination; increased useof free-air cooling to conserve energy; and expansion of the allowabletemperature-humidity datacom equipment
39、envelope.This book describes in detail the procedures necessary to ensureairborne contaminants will not be a factor determining datacomequipment reliability. It also includes the description of a landmarkASHRAE gaseous contamination datacom facility survey that foundthat silver corrosion rate is a m
40、uch better predictor of corrosion-related hardware failures, compared to the prior practice of relying oncopper corrosion rate to predict failures.Real-Time Energy Consumption Measurements in Data Cen-ters (ASHRAE 2010a). Data centers are dense and complex envi-ronments that house a wide variety of
41、energy-consumingequipment. With datacom equipment and associated facility equip-ment, there are thousands of energy consumption monitoringpoints. If a datacom facility operator cannot monitor a device, thatdevice cannot be controlled. In addition, for a datacom facility toreach its optimal energy ef
42、ficiency, all equipment on the datacomand facilities side must be monitored and controlled as an ensemble.Datacom equipment and facilities organizations in a companytypically have different reporting structures, which results in a com-munication gap. This book is designed to help bridge that gap and
43、Data Centers and Telecommunication Facilities 19.3provides an overview of how to instrument and monitor key powerand cooling subsystems. It also includes numerous examples of howto use energy consumption data in calculating power usage effec-tiveness (PUE).Green Tips for Data Centers (ASHRAE 2010b).
44、 The datacomindustry is focused on reducing energy. This focus is driven byincreasing energy costs and capital costs to add more datacom facil-ity capacity. Combined with the rapid growth in the industry and theincrease in the power used by the datacom equipment, it is importantthat every data cente
45、r operator understands the options for reducingenergy.This book gives datacom facility owners and operators a clearunderstanding of energy-saving opportunities. It covers the build-ings mechanical and electrical systems as well as the most promis-ing opportunities in technology. In addition, the boo
46、ks organizationfollows a logical approach that can be used for conducting a prelim-inary energy assessment.PUE: A Comprehensive Examination of the Metric(ASHRAE 2013). Power usage effectiveness (PUE), the industry-preferred metric for measuring infrastructure energy efficiency fordatacom facilities,
47、 is an end-user tool that helps boost energy effi-ciency in datacom facility operations. This book provides a highlevel of understanding of the concepts surrounding PUE, plus in-depth application knowledge and resources to those implementing,reporting, and analyzing datacom facility metrics.It gives
48、 actionable information useful to a broad audience rang-ing from novice to expert in the datacom equipment industry,including executives, facility planners, facility operators, datacomequipment manufacturers, HVAC if not larger. Software can often be addedor upgraded in various ways including remote
49、ly. This means theworkload can be very dynamic.Datacom equipment lifecycles are much shorter than power andcooling infrastructure lifecycles. Application software lifecycles areeven shorter. It is critical that power and cooling infrastructure plan-ning considers the lifecycles of hardware and software.Load CharacterizationFrom a datacom power and cooling infrastructure planning per-spective, the two common means of maximum load characterizationare watts per square foot and kilowatts per rack. The datacom industrysometimes uses granularity as a means of describing the unit size.
