1、9.1CHAPTER 9JUSTICE FACILITIESTerminology 9.1General System Requirements. 9.1Jails, Prisons, and Family Courts. 9.4Courthouses. 9.5Forensic Labs 9.6Indoor Shooting Ranges 9.8ECHNICAL and environmental factors and considerations forTengineers designing HVAC systems that serve justice facilitiesare pr
2、esented in this chapter. Most of the information presented is forfacilities in the United States; regulations in other parts of the worlddiffer significantly, and the authorities governing these facilitiesshould be consulted directly. Refer to the 2012 ASHRAE Hand-bookHVAC Systems and Equipment for
3、further information onHVAC systems and equipment mentioned herein, and to other chap-ters of this volume for various space applications and design consid-erations.1. TERMINOLOGYThe following terms are used throughout this chapter:Justice Facility. Any building designated for purposes of deten-tion,
4、law enforcement, or rendering a legal judgment.Cell. A room for confining one or more persons; it may contain abed for each occupant and a toilet and wash basin.Holding Cell. A room designed to confine a person for a shortperiod of time; it may or may not contain a bed.Small Jail. A facility consist
5、ing of up to 100 rooms and ancillaryareas, designed for confining people.Large Jail. A facility consisting of more than 100 rooms andancillary areas, designed for confining people.Prison. A facility consisting of one or several buildings and ancil-lary areas surrounded by high walls and/or fences, d
6、esigned to con-fine a minimum of 500 people.Minimum Security. A facility or area within a jail or prison thatallows confined people to mix together with little supervision forperiods of time during the day.Medium Security. A facility or area within a jail or prison thatallows confined people to mix
7、together with some or total supervi-sion for periods of time during the day.Maximum Security. A facility or an area within a jail or prisonthat confines people to their cells with total supervision.Work Release. A program that allows minimum-security occu-pants freedom during the day to work outside
8、 the facility, butrequires them to return for the night.Courthouse. A facility consisting of courtrooms, judges cham-bers/offices, jury rooms, jury assembly rooms, attorney interviewrooms, libraries, holding cells, and other support areas.Police Stations. Facilities housing the various functions of
9、localpolice departments. They may contain holding cells, evidence stor-age rooms, weapons storage, locker rooms, offices, conferencerooms, interview rooms, and parking garages.Juvenile Facilities. Also known as family court facilities, thesefacilities are for young offenders. Usually kept separate f
10、rom adultfacilities, they house their own court or hearing rooms, judgeschambers, offices for social workers and parole officers, conferencerooms, waiting areas, classrooms, sleeping rooms, intake areas,libraries, exercise rooms/areas, kitchens, dining areas, and laundry.Inmate. A person confined to
11、 a cell, jail, prison, or juvenilefacility.Correctional Officer. A trained law officer who supervisesinmates.Correctional Officer Facilities. Areas designated for use onlyby correctional officers, including control rooms, break rooms,locker rooms, and storage rooms.Inmate Areas. Areas that inmates h
12、ave access to, with or withoutsupervision, including cells, day rooms, exercise areas, outsideareas, and certain ancillary areas.Day Rooms. A room where confined people can congregate forperiods of time outside of their cells during the day under supervi-sion. The room usually contains chairs, table
13、s, TVs, and reading andgame materials.Exercise Areas. Gymnasiums or rooms used for exercise by staffmembers, and areas designated for use by inmates where they canmix and exercise for short time periods during the day. This inmatearea is usually outdoors or has at least one wall or the roof exposedt
14、o the outdoors.Ancillary Areas. Support areas, including offices, kitchens,laundry, mechanical rooms/plants, electrical rooms/plants, libraries,classrooms, and rooms for exercise, health care, visitation, inter-views, records, evidence, storage, fingerprinting, lineups, inmateintake, etc.Control Roo
15、m. A room that allows viewing or monitoring of var-ious areas of the facility by correctional officers and/or houses elec-tronic or pneumatic controls for door locks, lights, and otherfunctions.Sally Port. A room or space that encloses occupants or vehiclesand allows only one door at a time to open.
16、Forensic Lab. Laboratory where human remains and physicalevidence are examined and tested to determine whether a crime hasbeen committed, and to identify bodies and people.2. GENERAL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTSOutdoor Air. All areas require outdoor air for ventilation to pro-vide good air quality and makeup
17、 air for exhaust systems, and tocontrol pressures within facilities. Minimum outdoor air require-ments for various areas in justice (correctional) facilities can befound in publications of the American Correctional Association(ACA) and in ASHRAE Standard 62.1.Equipment Locations. Access to mechanica
18、l equipment andcontrols must be kept secure from inmates at all times. Equipmentrooms should also be located where inmates do not have access tothem. Where inmates do have access, security ceilings with lockableaccess panels must be used when mechanical equipment and com-ponents must be located in c
19、eiling plenums. Equipment servingareas not accessible to inmates can be located as in other facilities,unless the owner has other specific requirements. Equipment nearThe preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 9.4, Justice Facilities.9.2 2015 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications (SI)noise-sensiti
20、ve areas (e.g., courtrooms, jury rooms, attorney inter-view rooms) should be isolated with vibration isolators and havesound attenuation devices on supply, return, and exhaust ducts;penetrations for ducts and pipes to those areas and out of mechanicalareas should be sealed for sound as well as fire
21、protection.Security Barriers. Where ducts or openings pass into or out ofsecure areas, and at exterior intakes and exhausts, security barrierbars are usually installed in ducts or openings that are at least100 mm high and 150 mm wide. Barrier bars (Figure 1) are usuallysolid steel bars or heavy-gage
22、 tubes mounted in a heavy-gage steelframe to match the duct or opening size. Space between bars or tub-ing must not exceed 125 mm. They must be installed as an assem-bly in a structural wall compartment whenever possible, much likea fire damper. Barrier locations should be coordinated with thefacili
23、tys owner. Include the bars in static pressure calculations forairflow systems.Air Devices. Grilles and registers are usually security-type de-vices constructed of heavy-gage steel and welded or built in place inthe walls or ceilings of secure areas accessible to inmates, and are de-signed to reduce
24、 entry of obstacles into the grilles (Figure 2). Loca-tions of these devices in secure areas should be coordinated with thefacilitys owner. Air devices serving areas not accessible to inmatesmay be standard grilles, registers, and diffusers. Standard diffusersmay also be installed in secure areas wi
25、th ceilings over 4.5 m abovethe floor.Outdoor Air Intakes and Exhausts. Louvers and grilles asso-ciated with intake and exhaust air should be located at or above theroof level, and/or (1) where inmates do not have access to them and(2) where substances cannot be discharged into them to harm or dis-r
26、upt services and personnel in the facility. Barrier bars are usuallyinstalled at these devices.Filtration and Ultraviolet (UV) Lights. Most areas in justicefacilities use pleated throwaway filters with a minimum efficiencyreporting value (MERV; see ASHRAE Standard 52.2) of at least 8.Higher-efficien
27、cy filters, such as HEPA or MERV 14 filters, may berequired for clinic areas and isolation cells, and UV lights may alsobe installed to reduce bacteria and the spread of disease. Grease fil-ters must be installed in kitchen exhaust hoods over cooking sur-faces. In lieu of bringing large amounts of o
28、utdoor air into thefacility, normal outdoor air quantities may be used by installing gas-phase or carbon filters in recirculated air streams. Discuss filterapplications with the owner and authorities having jurisdiction(AHJ). For more information on filters, see Chapter 29 of the 2012ASHRAE Handbook
29、HVAC Systems and Equipment.Energy ConsiderationsSome areas of justice facilities (e.g., cells, day rooms) are occu-pied 24 h/day year-round and require a large amount of outdoor airthat is subsequently exhausted. Methods to recover exhausted tem-pered air and reduce the energy needed to cool and hea
30、t the outdoorintake air include the following:Total energy recovery wheels for sensible and latent heat recoveryor heat exchangers may be used in air-handling systems with highventilation loads, or as required by ASHRAE Standard 90.1.Runaround heat recovery coil loops may be used when exhaustand sup
31、ply airstreams are separated.Thermal storage is available for heating and cooling.Variable-speed drives may be used on cooling towers, fans,pumps, supply and exhaust fans, and chillers.Variable-air-volume systems may be used in office spaces andother areas not requiring constant airflow.Supply tempe
32、rature reset based on outdoor air temperatures maybe used on heating and cooling systems.Air- or water-side economizer cycles may be used per ASHRAEStandard 90.1 and current codes.Heat captured from boiler stacks can preheat combustion air ormakeup water.Free-cooling heat exchangers provide cooling
33、water by usingcooling towers in lieu of the chiller when outdoor air conditionsallow.Where reheat is required, water rejected from mechanical coolingor recaptured heat sources (e.g., from laundries) may offer eco-nomical paybacks.Smaller local systems may be installed to serve areas that areoccupied
34、 at all times or operate seasonally, so that larger equip-ment may be shut off at certain times. Modular systems allow var-ious modules to be staged on and off as needed to serve the samepurpose.Night and holiday setback temperatures at least 3 K above orbelow the normal occupied settings, with morn
35、ing warm-up orcooldown, should be used wherever possible for areas that are notalways occupied or have varying occupancies.Evaporative cooling systems may be used in arid climates toreplace water chillers and/or cooling towers. They may also beused in other regions to provide makeup air for some fac
36、ilities,such as kitchens and laundries.Heat pumps may be used wherever possible. See Chapter 9 in the2012 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Systems and Equipment for adiscussion of these systems.Combined heat and power (CHP) systems may be used in largerfacilities. See Chapter 7 in the 2012 ASHRAE HandbookHVACSys
37、tems and Equipment for a discussion of these systems.Laundry water recycling to reduce water consumption by 50%and save energy by reusing laundry hot water.Geothermal loop for remote buildings on prison campus.Fig. 1 Typical Security BarrierFig. 2 Typical Air GrilleJustice Facilities 9.3Heat recover
38、y chillers able to capture heat from chiller for reheat-ing or boiler water preheating.An intelligent hood exhaust control system for kitchen makeup airunits and exhaust fans.Whatever form of energy recovery is used, all systems should beexamined for the rates of return on the cost of implementing a
39、ndoperating the systems.Heating and Cooling Plants and Mechanical RoomsMost larger justice facilities have central heating and coolingplants, with mechanical rooms located throughout the facility.Smaller facilities generally use local systems, with mechanicalrooms located throughout the facility or
40、with a combination of roof-top units or split systems. For larger facilities, central plants withwater chillers, cooling towers, and fuel- or dual-fuel-fired steam orhot-water boilers are normally used to serve air-handling units,fan-coil units, reheat coils, and other equipment in mechanical roomst
41、hroughout the complex. Primary/secondary or primary variable-speed hydronic pumping systems should also be considered.The heating and cooling requirements are for continuous opera-tion while there are occupants. Essential equipment should bebacked up with standby units for use during maintenance or
42、equip-ment failure. In addition, major components may need to be bracedfor seismic and/or wind restraint to ensure continuous service. Forseismic design, HVAC systems and components need to be bracedin accordance with local codes and the AHJ; see Chapter 55 andASHRAE (2000) for details. Zoning of va
43、rious areas for occupancytimes and seasonal changes should be factored into system arrange-ments and types.Plants and mechanical rooms should be preferably accessed fromthe outdoors and located in areas not accessible to inmates, unlesssupervised maintenance and/or operation is performed by inmates.
44、Central utility plants (CUPs) serving very large facilities may belocated away from the complex (outside the secure fences or walls).Some of these plants use underground distribution tunnels from theplant to the various buildings in lieu of direct burial of the piping.Access to these tunnels must be
45、 kept secure from inmates. Verticalduct and pipe chases in facilities are usually located adjacent to cellareas, incorporated in plumbing chases, and stacked to connect to theheating, cooling, and ventilating or exhaust equipment. Service tothese chases must be from outside the cell areas.Consider m
46、aintenance personnels abilities and training inselecting the types of systems and equipment to be used in thedesign. Consult the owner and/or maintenance personnel to deter-mine the best combination of components, systems, and location ofthe plants and mechanical rooms for the facility.Mechanical eq
47、uipment in central plants and mechanical roomsmust have the proper vibration isolation, flexible pipe and ductconnections, and duct-mounted sound attenuators (where needed)to prevent transmission of vibration and noise to sensitive spaces,such as inmate housing day rooms, where it is essential to me
48、etAmerican Correctional Association (ACA) acoustical require-ments. Mechanical rooms may have to be sound treated with acous-tical materials to prevent transmission of room noise to adjacentspaces. Equipment (e.g., fan types) may also have to be modified toreduce noise transmission. See Chapter 48 f
49、or vibration and noiseapplications.ControlsControls serving HVAC systems for small facilities can be localand consist of electric, electronic, pneumatic, or a combination ofall of these, and may need to be located in lockable control boxes.Controls for larger facilities are usually direct digital control (DDC)or a combination of electronic/electric and pneumatic, and areconnected to a central, computerized system or building automationsystem (BAS) so that operators can remotely manage and monitorsystems more efficiently. Thermostats and other sensors in or nearinmate areas should be
