1、ASHRAE TITLE*JOURN 37-5STS 95 0759650 0515BL7 774 ASHRAE TITLE*JOURN 37-5*TS 75 W 0757650 0535838 600 Five days or less, d D- 1300 series. Give us five working days and well ship quality, affordable dampers built to your exact specifications. At no extra charge. Need faster delivery? Ask for our fas
2、t-track service and your dampers will ship in just one day. Theyre always there when you need them. Single-ply blades for maximum value. Dual- ply blades for high performance. Or smoke dampers for smoke management and control. And yes, we also have airfoil blades and new gear - driven dampers. And t
3、heyre built tough. Frames are constructed from 13-gauge galvanized steel; Nobody delivers dampers like we do. single-ply blades are i 6-gauge steel; dual-ply are 22-gauge steel. Our end-channel linkage doesnt interrupt air flow, so its more reliable and less noisy than center linkage. And our topqua
4、lity seals are designed to reduce leakage. For quality, affordable dampers, backed by more than 20 years of experience, contact your local Johnson Controls representative today. Or call 1-800-972-8040. J “SON CONTR 8 LS Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-0423 Markham, Ontario L3R 5V4 O1994 Johnson Controls,
5、 Inc 9446 (Circle No 1 on Reader Service Card) - - Its a scientific fact that the deep, still waters in a lake are naturally colder at the top, and chilled water at the bottom in a thermal energy storage tank. If you are planning a themial energy storage system, it makes good sense to use the iiatur
6、al insulating characteristics of mother earth to further lower the cost of electrically generated chilled water. Its why Natgun Corporation builds all its thennal energy and water storage tanks by embedding a continuous steel diaphragm in prestressed concrete. Its the only watertight storage tank th
7、at can be partially or even totally buried. Natgun has prepared a brochure that explains the concept of themal energy storage and suggests ways to maximize its effectiveness. If youd like a free copy, just ask. than its surface waters. Its the “stratified cooling I effect the same thing that keeps w
8、arm water Precast Prestressed Preferred Natgun Corpration, Eleven Teal Road, Wakefield, Missachiisetts 01880 Southwest Mice; 81 11 Ireston Road, Suite 701, Lhllas, Texas 75225 Or call 11s at 1-80-662-8486 Sirice late 1990, this partially burieil 2.7 MG Natgun tank and the thermal energy storage syst
9、em of which it is a part, have saved the owner approximately $300,000 annually. (Circle No. 4 on Reader Service Card) MAGNIFYING YOUR TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGE. Liebert provides you with new i resistant paint for harsh environments. i munications, and others. and better ways to cool sensitive i Even remo
10、te control monitoring electronics. ! systems for unmanned applications. i 800-877-9222 and ask for Technology is changing with the i With more than 500,000 systems i information ahout our blink of an eye. Thats why well I worldwide, encompassing a wide I innovative product line. spend more money on
11、developing varieiy of unique applications, I Well also send you our new products than the total sales of i weve developed more ways to i White Paper, “Redefining many competitors. i protect sensitive electronics than : Critical Spaces“. We were the first with fuzzy logic controls and variable speed
12、drives for To see for yourself, call anyone. So we may already have LLiebe i the innovative solutions youre precision air condition- i looking for. No matter what the ing. Helping to slash i application-medical imaging, office i kg energy costs. And acid- and industrial automation, telecorn- j Keepi
13、ng BusilIeSS hl Business“ Liebert Corporation, 1050 Dearborn Drive, P.0. Box 29186, Columbus, OH 4229 Phone 614-888-0246 Fax 624-841- RESPONDING 0 (Circle No. 5 on Reader Service Card) - _ - ASHRAE TITLE*JOURN 37-5*TS 95 0757650 05l1582L LT5 Contents MAY 1995, Vol. 37, No. 5 Departments 5 Commentary
14、 8 Industry News 16 Washington Report 18 International Forum 20 Meetings and Shows 83 Literature 85 Classified Advertising 88 Advertising Index 88A Reader Service Card The Ront Cover The cover photograph (,Sea World 1991) show2 filtration tanks that filter the chilled water from the thermal storage
15、pond at Sea World in San Diego, California. Five million gallons of sea water is chilled to 53F (12C) and passes through these tanks for Shamu Stadium. The Sea World system is included as one of the two technical tours featuring thermal storage and other HVACbR systems scheduled for the San Diego An
16、nual Meeting. Please see the meeting preview that begins on page 61 of this issue for additional information. 22 32 40 48 53 61 64 68 79 Features Predicting and Evaluating the Perform- ance of Ice Harvesting Thermal Energy Storage Systems By David E. Knebel, P.E. The Control of Ice Storage Systems B
17、y Colin W. Carey; John W. Mitchell, P.E., Ph.D.; and William A. Beckman, RE., Ph.D. Air Pressure Control of Latent Leakage By William E. Stewart Jr., Ph.D., RE.; Charles K. Saunders; and Lisa A. Stickler Hospital Sepsis Control and TB Transmission By Edgar L. Galcon, P.E.; and Jon Guisbond, P.E. A H
18、istory of Cogeneration Before PURPA By Morris A. Pierce, Ph.D. Meeting Preview: ASHRAEs Summer Meeting in San Diego Technical Program Matrix San Diego Technical Program Air Fi1ters:A roundup of available products. Special Section ASHRAE Journalo (SSN-0001-2491) PUBLISHED MONTHLY. Copyright 1995 by t
19、he American Societyof Heating. Relrigeratingand Air-conditioning Engineers Inc , 1791 Tullie Circle N E , Atlanta. GA 30329 Second Class posiage paid at Atlanla, Georgia. and additional mailing Offices PUBLICATION DISCLAIMER-ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investig
20、ated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duly lo investigate. any prod uct. service. process, procedure, design. or lhe like which may be described herein. The appearance o1 any technical data. editorial material. or advertisement in this publication does not and overseas orders). For subscription w
21、ith air mail delivery oulside U%, $119 Membershipsubscriplions haveacommon June expiration Nonmember subscriptions may vary Paymenl (US lunds) required with all orders POSTMASTER: Send form 3579 to: ASHRAE Journal, 1791 HANGEFADDREss must be received at subsription office eight weeks before effectiv
22、e date Send both old and new addressesfor the change STATEMENT-ASHRAE Journal reviews current HVAC if you go it alone, youre easy pichgs. And while you might be part of a group where you work, maybe your plan doesnt quite match your needs. Thatk when you turn to ASHRAE. Our plans are tadored to your
23、 needs, and can the temperature has declined about 5% (3OF) since about 4000 B.C. Chwalowski stated that 160 bil- lion tons of global carbon dioxide emissions are from natural sources while man-made sources comprise only 8 billion tons. Of that amount, ecenteventssuchasacrackin theosslceShelfin theA
24、ntarctic about 2 to 2.5 tons result from burn- anda 1.5F(-76.90CJ rise in theaverage temperatures in the Alps, ing biomass (mostly in less deve- are directly affecting ecosystems and are being connected to loped countries). Global Warming effects by some scientists, while others say it is in compari
25、son. water vaDor is a naturalphenomena. Wuebbles believes that carbon dioxide is the critical component in the change in radiativeforcing (which drives global heating or cooling) because it accounts for the majority of the increase in concentration of all greenhouse gases, while there has been no ch
26、ange in the concentration of water vapor. Also, the most rapid increase has been in the last 30 years. Sometime within the next 50 years, we will know for sure if indus- trial society has had a significant impact on global warming, accord- ing to Wuebbles. Donald Fisher, of the DuPont Experimental S
27、tation, Wilmingtbn, Delaware, provided an update on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. He noted global warming potential (GWP)- parameters are primarily a tool for policymakers. These parameters provide a measure much more serious greenhouse effector than carbon dioxide. It accountsfor a
28、bout 1% while carbon dioxide accounts for only 0.035%. Computerized climate models are poor predictors of long-term change because they must simplify and make assumptions, according to Chwalowski. The greenhouse effect has been consis- tently below forecast projections for the last 50 years. There i
29、s also a disparity between model predictions and actual observed data. Specifically, the actual temperature records that differ from the climate model predictions. “We do not observe what the climate models tell us we should be observing,” said Chwalowski. So far, scientists have been unable to veri
30、fy model predictions of rising tempera- ture change. We still do not know if the greenhouse effect is actually a carbon dioxide induced phenomenon or the result of a natural vari- ation in the global climate. Chwalowski believes that government policies should be changed to become small scale, and s
31、hort term to promote rapid feedback and to avoid making big mistakes. The facts that are currently known are dwarfed by what is not known. “The politics of climate change have overtaken the science,” Chwalowski said. Donald Wuebbles, of the University of Illinois, Urbana, was the next speaker. Wuebb
32、les, who originated the ozone- depleting potential (ODP) concept, stated that Chwalowskis presentation was mis- leading. Wuebbles said that, since the 1800s, global temperatures have increased about 0.5% (0.3OF). Most of the increase has occurred in the last few decades. According to Wuebbles, carbo
33、n diox- ide has been increasing exponentially over the past 150 years Other greenhouse gases have also been increasing exponen- tially. For example, there was 280 ppm of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere during pre-industrial times (1750) and that level is now at 350 ppm (1992) of possible future glo
34、bal warming resulting from current man-made emissions. The benefits of GWP are that it is a sim- ple, relative measure and that carbon diox- ide is the reference gas. The disadvantages are that GWP lacks precision and that car- bon dioxide is the reference gas. (Continued on page 12) Engineers from
35、around the globe prepare to visit Parker Hannifin Corp.s plant in Mauston, Wiscon- sin. They are from left to right: Larry Morris, Refrigeration Components, Canada; Andrew Barwick, Thermofrost Cryo, England; Louis Decae and Jan Hovingh, Centercon, The Netherlands; and J. Gil Patier of lndustrias HVH
36、, Spain. Engineers Visit Wisconsin Plant Chicago-Paul G. Bishop, general man- Bishop and his staff used thecompany agerfor Parker Hannifin Corp.s Refrigerat- jet to shuttle 14 customers from the recent ing Specialties Division wanted his ASHRAE/ARI ExhibitiontoParker Hannifins customers to get a han
37、ds-on tour of the 60,000 ft (5574 m2) plant in Mauston, companys Mauston, Wisconsin plant. (Continued on page 13) 8 ASHRAE Journal May 1995 ntrotluciiig the hlicroviea-T“ It-5 a remote terin i tia1 for large iiistallations. A stand-alone operators lerrninal for sinaller applications. Its iniiovativc
38、. k7lcxib1c. Yowerfd. fr.eciseh %-liai yoiid expect froin Alertoil. = - (Circle Na. 9 on Reabei Service Card) O 1993ALERTONTECHNOLOGIES INC ASHRAE TITLESJOURN 37-5*TS 95 = 0757650 0535830 308 Global Climate Change (Continued from page 10) In addition, GWP only looks at radiative forcing. The changes
39、 in radiative forcing are very sensitive to changes in concentration. The IPCC has adopted a revamped set of GWP values with some significant changes. This is especially true for methane, whose value has been raised by 38%. Accordingly, policymakers will have to find methods of reducing methane emis
40、sions. Stratospheric ozone depletion science has been confirmed by observed data, according to Francis A. (Tony) Vogelsberg Jr., DuPont Co., Wilmington, Delaware. Ozone depletion has also been linked to cli- mate change. Key findings are that ozone losses are now confirmed to be linked to man-made e
41、missions. Chlorine- and bromine-containing compounds that decompose in the stratosphere and upper atmosphere, can have an impact on ozone. HCFCs have shorter lifetimesthan theCFCs they replace, roughly 1-10%, and HFCs have insignificant impact on ozone destruction. The environ- mental properties of
42、these alternative refrigerants have been extensively evaluated. “In most cases, HCFCs and HFCs are providing the most efficient and safest avail- able technology,“ said Vogelsberg. Approaches for lowering the stratos- pheric levels of chlorine and bromine are limited, according to Vogelsberg. Any ch
43、anges made to the Montreal Protocol are not expected to significantly change the tim- ing or magnitude of the peak ozone losses. For example, total elimination of HCFCs by the year 2004 would impact ozone loss by only 5% while offsetting delays in CFC phaseout in their absence would increase chlorin
44、e loading by 9Vo. Eliminating all remaining CFCs in any form everywhere would only reduce ozone loss by 3%. As of 1994, the developed world accounts for less than one-half of the ozone problem, according to Vogelsberg. He noted that stratospheric ozone losses cause a negative radiative forcing (glob
45、al cooling) of from 0.25Oto 0.4% (0.1O to 0.2OF). Vogelsberg said that the Total Equiva- lent Warming Impact (TEWI) concept helps people understand the connection be- tween direct (refrigerant emission) and indirect (energy-related) emissions. The TEWI effect confirms the importance of energy effici
46、ency and leak minimization for refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. “Energy efficiency is a powerful tool to mitigate future potential climatic changes.“ said Vogelsberg. William B. Prendergast of the Air- Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, Arlington, Virginia, reported on the current
47、international climate change negotiations. He noted that the global warming treaty went into effect in March 1994 and that action plans were due in September 1994. The only proposal submitted on time was from a consortium of island nations called AOSIS. The AOSIS proposal called for the following ch
48、anges to the Rio Agreement: A 20% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by the year 2005 in Annex 1 countries; Timetables to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; and Commitments to be debated and agreed upon during the March 1995 meet- ing in Berlin. Prendergast noted that there have been complaints wit
49、h the Rio Agreement. First, transportation is not covered in the agreement although it is a major source of carbon dioxide emissions. Also, there are no guidelines for the developing countries, which comprise most of the problem. E A PERFECT SOLUTION WE PUT THE “FIT“ FOR NEW SKYPAK DESIGNING A NEW PROJECT? ARE YOU PUTTING HARD EARNED MONEY INTO TIRED EXISTING EQUIPMENT? SKYPAK - FURNACE/AC PACKAGE S.E.E.R. of 1O.Ot; efficiency rating of 80.8%. 40,000 to 80,000 BTUH gas, propane (LP) 18,000 TO 32,000 BTUH cooling. or electri
