1、TRANSACTIONSPAPERSPRESENTED AT THE2010 WINTER CONFERENCEIN ORLANDO, FLORIDAOF THEAMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATINGAND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.2010VOLUME 116, PART 12010 American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, Georg
2、ia 30329-2305All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.ISSN 0001-2505ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims anyduty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be des
3、cribed herein. The appearanceof any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty byASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information inthis publication is free of er
4、rors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication.The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer whomay
5、quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of this publica-tion be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying,recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requ
6、ests for permission should be submitted atwww.ashrae.org/permissions.ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifeThe American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is the worlds foremost technicalsociety in the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, a
7、nd refrigeration. Its 52,000 members worldwide are individualswho share ideas, identify the need for and support research, and write the industrys standards for testing and practice. Theresult of these efforts is that engineers are better able to keep indoor environments safe and productive while pr
8、otecting andpreserving the outdoors for generations to come.One of the ways that ASHRAE supports its members and the industrys need for information is through ASHRAE Research.Thousands of individuals and companies support ASHRAE Research annually, enabling ASHRAE to report new data aboutmaterial pro
9、perties and building physics and to promote the application of innovative technologies.Much of the content of ASHRAE Transactions is made possible through ASHRAE Research. Papers reporting on work fundedby ASHRAE Research are given the RP designation on the first page of the paper.For information ab
10、out ASHRAE Research or to become a member of ASHRAE, contact ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE,Atlanta, GA 30329-2305 USA; telephone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.CONTENTSHost Chapter.ixConferences and Expositions Committee and Transactions StaffixState of the Society, Gordon V.R. Holness, 20092010 ASH
11、RAE President xTechnical Program. xivTRANSACTIONS PAPERSOR-10-001 The Design of Natural Ventilation Systems to Control Smoke Movement in Tunnels Thomas P. ODwyer 3OR-10-002 Natural Ventilation in London Underground Sub-Surface LinesModelling for Normal OperationsJohn Alexander and Mohammad Tabarra.
12、11OR-10-003 Top-Level Energy and Environmental Dashboard for Data Center Monitoring Magnus K. Herrlin and Craig M. Compiano 19OR-10-004 System Architectures and Fluids for High Heat Density Cooling SolutionsLennart Stahl. 24OR-10-005 High Density Cooling SolutionsTaking IT to the Next Level: The Col
13、d Aisle Containment AlternativeHerb Villa. 32OR-10-006 The Virtual Cybernetic Building TestbedA Building EmulatorSteven T. Bushby, Michael A. Galler, Natascha Milesi Ferretti, and Cheol Park 37OR-10-007 Development and Validation of a Dynamic Air Handling Unit Model, Part 1 (RP-1312)Shun Li and Jin
14、Wen. 45OR-10-008 Development and Validation of a Dynamic Air Handling Unit Model, Part 2 (RP-1312)Shun Li, Jin Wen, Xiaohui Zhou, and Curtis J. Klaassen 57OR-10-009 Performance Investigation for the Cleanroom Contamination Control Strategy in an Operating Room Fu-Jen Wang, Chi-Ming Lai, Tsung-Jung C
15、heng, and Zhuan-Yu Liu . 74OR-10-010 Clean Room Exhaust Energy Recovery Optimization DesignJames J.M. Tsao, Shih-Cheng Hu, Wen-Chen Kao, and Liang-Han Chien 81OR-10-011 Development of Cleanroom Required Airflow Rate Model Based on Establishment of Theoretical Basis and Lab Validation Wei Sun, John M
16、itchell, Keith Flyzik, Shih-Cheng Hu, Junjie Liu, R. Vijayakumar, and Hiro Fukuda 87OR-10-012 Waterside and Airside Economizers Design Considerations for Data Center FacilitiesYury Y. Lui. 98OR-10-013 Data Centers Energy Auditing and Benchmarking-Progress UpdateMunther Salim and Robert Tozer 109OR-1
17、0-014 Consumption Analysis of Telco and Data Center Cooling and Humidification Options Bruce A. Hellmer. 118OR-10-015 Field Testing of Optimal Controls of Passive and Active Thermal Storage Stephen Morgan and Moncef Krarti 134OR-10-016 Energy Efficient TES Designs for Commercial DX Systems Robert Wi
18、llis and Brian Parsonnet.147OR-10-017 ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Metal Building U-FactorsPart 1: Mathematical Modeling and Validation by Calibrated Hot Box MeasurementsM.K. Choudhary, C. Kasprzak, R.H. Larson, and R. Venuturumilli157OR-10-018 ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Metal Building U-FactorsPart 2: A Systems
19、Based Approach for Predicting the Thermal Performance of Single Layer Fiberglass Batt Insulation Assemblies M.K. Choudhary and C.P. Kasprzak169OR-10-019 ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Metal Building U-FactorsPart 3: Equations for Double Layers of Fiberglass Batt Insulation in Roof and Wall AssembliesMerle F.
20、McBride and Patrick M. Gavin .177OR-10-020 ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Metal Building U-FactorsPart 4: Development of U-Factors for Walls and Roofs Based on Experimental Measurements Les Christianson189OR-10-021 A Collection Climate Control System for an Ethnographic Storage of a Museum in North of BrazilS
21、hin Maekawa and Franciza Toledo .196OR-10-022 SAA Integrates with ASHRAEErnest A. Conrad .203OR-10-023 Whats Creeping Around in Your Data Center?Chris Muller207OR-10-024 Contamination in the Data CenterThe Impact of CRAC Belt DustJ. Fred Stack and Dan Fannin .223OR-10-025 3.5 MW Seawater Heat Pump A
22、ssisted Multipurpose Solar Systems 25 Years of OperationMarija S. Todorovic, Slobodan Pejkovic, and Vido Zenovic 227OR-10-026 A New Reverse Cycle Defrost Design Concept for Refrigerators C.T. Yang, V.C. Mei, W.R. Chang, and J.Y. Lin 242OR-10-027 Investigation of Anticipatory Control Strategies in a
23、Net-Zero Energy Solar HouseJos A. Candanedo and Andreas K. Athienitis246OR-10-028 An Experimental Evaluation of HVAC-Grade Carbon-Dioxide SensorsPart 2: Performance Test ResultsSom S. Shrestha and Gregory M. Maxwell260OR-10-029 An Experimental Evaluation of HVAC-Grade Carbon-Dioxide SensorsPart 3: H
24、umidity, Temperature, and Pressure Sensitivity Test ResultsSom S. Shrestha and Gregory M. Maxwell271OR-10-030 Thermal Environment around Strong Heat Source with Single-Sided Natural Ventilation Dong Liu, Siwei Li, and Qing Miao.284OR-10-031 An Innovative Ventilation System for Cleanrooms with High C
25、ooling Loads Ti Lin, Shih-Cheng Hu, Andy Chang, and Cheng-Yan Lin 293OR-10-032 CFD Study of Human Respiratory Dose to Indoor Particular Contaminants Lin Tian, Goodarz Ahmadi, Philip K. Hopke, and Yung-Sung Cheng298OR-10-033 Compensation of Manual Reset to Offset Thermal Loads Change for PID Controll
26、erYuji Yamakawa, Takanori Yamazaki, Kazuyuki Kamimura, and Shigeru Kurosu. 303OR-10-034 Demonstration of the Use of Multimedia Electronic Information Enhancements for a Chapter Handbook CD-ROM: 3D Modeling and Animation (RP-1017)Jeff Haberl and Ergun Akleman 316OR-10-035 Development and Validation o
27、f a Fan Performance Model for Typical Packaged HVAC Systems Keke Zheng and Haorong Li . 323OR-10-036 Development of a High-Efficiency Air Cooled Packaged Air-Conditioner for Data Centers Keisuke Sekiguchi, Shisei Waragai, Tsuneo Uekusa, and Kenji Yamasaki 330OR-10-037 Effect of Dents in Condenser Fi
28、ns on Air-Conditioner PerformanceMatthew J. Sitzmann, Frank K. Lu, and Steve R. Smith . 336OR-10-038 Energy Implications of Filtration in Residential and Light-Commercial Buildings (RP-1299)Brent Stephens, Jeffrey A. Siegel, and Atila Novoselac . 346OR-10-039 Energy Systems Management and Greenhouse
29、 Gas ReductionStephen J. Treado and David Holmberg. 358OR-10-040 Evaluating the Ability of Unitary Equipment to Maintain Adequate Space Humidity Levels (RP-1254)Michael J. Witte and Robert H. Henninger 365OR-10-041 Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Mechanically Ventilated, Multiple Skin
30、Faade with Between-the-Panes Venetian Blinds Omid Nemati, Michael R. Collins, Luis Candanedo, and Andreas Athienitis 382OR-10-042 Feasibility Study of Hybrid Wheel Desiccant Dehumidification Cooling Systems in Malaysia Salman Khosravi, T.M.I. Mahlia, and Yat H. Yau 392OR-10-043 For Designing a Compa
31、ct Absorber with Membrane Contactor at Liquid-Vapor InterfaceInfluence of Membrane Properties on Water Vapor Transfer Ahmed Hamza H. Ali and Peter Schwerdt 398OR-10-044 High Solar Combi Systems in Europe Constantinos A. Balaras, Elena G. Dascalaki, Panagiotis Tsekouras,and Aristotelis Aidonis 408OR-
32、10-045 Impact of Typical Weather Year Selection Approaches on Energy Analysis of Buildings (RP-1477)Donghyun Seo, Yu Joe Huang, and Moncef Krarti . 416OR-10-046 Impacts of Static Pressure Reset on VAV System Air Leakage, Fan Power, and Thermal Energy Mingsheng Liu, Jingjuan Feng, Zhan Wang, Lixia Wu
33、, Keke Zheng, and Xiufeng Pang 428OR-10-047 Infiltration Investigation of a Radiantly Heated and Cooled OfficeXiangyang Gong, David E. Claridge, and David H. Archer. 437OR-10-048 Influence of Long-Term Trends and Period of Record Selection on the Calculation of Climatic Design Conditions and Degree
34、Days (RP-1453)Didier Thevenard. 447OR-10-049 Integrated Design of Perimeter Zones with Glass FacadesAthanassios Tzempelikos, Andreas K. Athienitis, and Antonis Nazos 461OR-10-050 Metastable Flow inside Capillary Tubes: A Critical Review Mohd. Kaleem Khan 478OR-10-051 Method to Specify and Empiricall
35、y Develop Air-Conditioning Components and System Leak Tightness for In-Line Leak TestingRanajit Ghosh and Hemi Sagi .488OR-10-052 Methodology to Evaluate End Use Options to Reduce CO2Emissions from Buildings Neil P. Leslie, Marek Czachorski, Yanjie Yang, and Ron Edelstein 496OR-10-053 Moving Ducts i
36、nto Conditioned Space: Getting to Code in the Pacific Northwest David Hales and David Baylon 507OR-10-054 Optimization of the Ground Thermal Response in Hybrid Geothermal Heat Pump SystemsA.D. Chiasson, C.C. Yavuzturk, D.W. Johnson, and T.P. Filburn .512OR-10-055 Organic Rankine Cycle Working Fluid
37、Considerations for Waste Heat to Power ApplicationsDavid J. Schroeder and Neil Leslie525OR-10-056 Performance of a Transcritical CO2Heat Pump for Simultaneous Water Cooling and Heating J. Sarkar, Souvik Bhattacharyya, and M. Ram Gopal .534OR-10-057 Refinements and Improvements to the Radiant Time Se
38、ries Method (RP-1326)Jeffrey D. Spitler and Bereket A. Nigusse .542OR-10-058 Relationship between HVAC Airflow Rates and Noise Levels, and Noise Control in a Mechanically-Ventilated University Building Murray Hodgson 550OR-10-059 WithdrawnOR-10-060 The Influence of HVAC Systems on Indoor Secondary O
39、rganic Aerosol FormationMichael S. Waring and Jeffrey A. Siegel .556OR-10-061 The Nature, Significance and Control of Solar-Driven Water Vapor Diffusion in Wall SystemsSynthesis of Research Project RP-1235 (RP-1235)Dominique Derome, Achilles Karagiozis, and Jan Carmeliet 572OR-10-062 The Novel Use o
40、f Piezoelectric Transducers in the Implementation of Reliable Self-Contained Range HoodsTang-Jen Liu and I-Cheng Shen581OR-10-063 Thermal Environment and Productivity in the Factory Xiaojiang Ye, Huanxin Chen, and Zhiwei Lian.590OR-10-064 Transient and Steady State Models for Open-Loop Air-Based BIP
41、V/T SystemsLuis M. Candanedo, Andreas K. Athienitis, Jos A. Candanedo, William OBrien, and YuXiang Chen.600Index of Transactions Papers, Volume 116, Part 1 .6132010 ASHRAE 3ABSTRACTThis paper provides an overview of the design of naturalventilation systems to control smoke movement in tunnels. Thepa
42、per discusses the current standards and requirements forthese types of systems. It then discusses the various elementsthat are used to design such systems. These include both itemsin direct control of the designer and those that are uncontrol-lable in the design. The paper also presents a case study
43、 wherethe various design elements are utilized to create a workingnatural ventilation smoke control system in a short rail tunnel.INTRODUCTIONThe control of smoke movement in tunnels is of criticalimportance to the safety of people in a tunnel. Two generalapproaches are available to designers of the
44、se systems. Thefirst is through passive means and the second is through the useof mechanical equipment. The passive systems are oftenreferred to as natural ventilation (NV) systems. The activesystems are referred to as mechanical ventilation (MV)systems. NV systems are only used in existing systems
45、and inshort tunnels, while MV systems are implemented in theremaining tunnels. There are many practical advantages tousing natural ventilation systems and this paper discussesthem along with important design elements that help insure asuccessful design.What Is a Natural Ventilation SystemNV systems
46、are designed to allow smoke to move natu-rally away from people who may be located within the tunnel.This movement is accomplished generally through the buoy-ancy forces that hot smoke generates. This force naturallymoves the hot smoke upward toward the ceiling of the tunnel.Once the smoke reaches t
47、he ceiling the smoke spreads later-ally along the ceiling. In a NV system the smoke is accumu-lated in the ceiling area or channeled away from any people inthe tunnel. Another characteristic of NV systems is that thereare no mechanical devices that need to activate for the systemto operate (although
48、 certain systems utilize dampers that mustopen or close in a fire emergency).Types of NV Systems. The first type is one in whichsmoke is carried away from the fire through ventilation open-ings in the ceilings that lead to the surface. By removing thesmoke through these openings, a tenable environme
49、nt can besustained in the tunnel so that evacuation can occur. Thesecond type of NV system utilizes a smoke capture system inthe crown of the tunnel. Sufficient space is provided such thata layer of smoke forms high above any patrons and spreadslaterally as the fire progresses.What Is a Mechanical Ventilation SystemMV systems are characterized by the use of fans to forcesmoke to move in the proper direction. Dampers are alsocommonly used. The fans generally overpower any buoyancyforces that may be present. In these types of systems moreprecise control over where s
