1、AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDBalance Lifting UnitsASME B30.28-2010Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and SlingsINTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKASME B30.28-2010BalanceLifting UnitsSafety Standard for Cableways, Cranes,Derricks, Hoists, Hooks,Jacks, and SlingsAN AMERICAN NA
2、TIONAL STANDARDThree Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 USADate of Issuance: October 8, 2010The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2015. This Standard will becomeeffective 1 year after the Date of Issuance. There will be no addenda issued to this edition.ASME issues written re
3、plies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of thisStandard. Interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages athttp:/cstools.asme.org as they are issued, and will also be published within the next edition of theStandard.ASME is the registered trade
4、mark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American NationalStandards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals fromcompetent and concerned
5、interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was madeavailable for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse”
6、any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with anyitems mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability forinfringement of
7、 any applicable letters patent, nor assumes any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expresslyadvised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, isentirely their own responsibility.Participation by federal agency representati
8、ve(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted asgovernment or industry endorsement of this code or standard.ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the establishedASME procedures and policies, which precludes the is
9、suance of interpretations by individuals.No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.The American Society of Mechanical EngineersThree Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990Copyright 2010 by
10、THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.CONTENTSForeword ivCommittee Roster . vB30 Standard Introduction . viiChapter 28-0 Scope, Definitions, and ReferencesSection 28-0.1 Scope of ASME B30.28 1Section 28-0.2 Definitions . 1Section 28-0.3 References 2Chapter 2
11、8-1 Marking, Construction, and InstallationSection 28-1.1 Markings . 4Section 28-1.2 Construction . 4Section 28-1.3 Installation . 5Chapter 28-2 Inspection, Testing, and MaintenanceSection 28-2.1 Inspection 7Section 28-2.2 Testing . 9Section 28-2.3 Maintenance . 9Chapter 28-3 OperationSection 28-3.1
12、 Conduct of Operators . 11Section 28-3.2 Handling the Load . 11Section 28-3.3 Training 11Figures28-0.1-1 Fixed Arm . 328-0.1-2 Flexible Lifting Medium 3iiiFOREWORDThis American National Standard, Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,Hooks, Jacks, and Slings, has been developed und
13、er the procedures accredited by the AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI) (formerly the United States of America Standards Institute).This Standard had its beginning in December 1916 when an eight-page Code of Safety Standardsfor Cranes, prepared by an ASME Committee on the Protection of Indus
14、trial Workers, waspresented to the annual meeting of the ASME.Meetings and discussions regarding safety on cranes, derricks, and hoists were held from 1920to 1925, involving the ASME Safety Code Correlating Committee, the Association of Iron andSteel Electrical Engineers, the American Museum of Safe
15、ty, the American Engineering StandardsCommittee (later changed to American Standards Association and subsequently to the USAStandards Institute), Department of Labor State of New Jersey, Department of Labor andIndustry State of Pennsylvania, and the Locomotive Crane Manufacturers Association. OnJune
16、 11, 1925, the American Engineering Standards Committee approved the ASME Safety CodeCorrelating Committees recommendation and authorized the project with the U.S. Departmentof the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, and ASME as sponsors.In March 1926, invitations were issued to 50 organizations to app
17、oint representatives to aSectional Committee. The call for organization of this Sectional Committee was sent outOctober 2, 1926, and the committee organized November 4, 1926, with 57 members representing29 national organizations. The Safety Code for Cranes, Derricks, and Hoists, ASA B30.2-1943,was c
18、reated from the eight-page document referred to in the first paragraph. This document wasreaffirmed in 1952 and widely accepted as a safety standard.Due to changes in design, advancement in techniques, and general interest of labor and industryin safety, the Sectional Committee, under the joint spon
19、sorship of ASME and the Naval FacilitiesEngineering Command, U.S. Department of the Navy, was reorganized as an American NationalStandards Committee on January 31, 1962, with 39 members representing 27 national organiza-tions. The format of the previous code was changed so that separate standards (e
20、ach completeas to construction and installation; inspection, testing, and maintenance; and operation) willcover the different types of equipment included in the scope of B30.In 1982, the Committee was reorganized as an Accredited Organization Committee, operatingunder procedures developed by the ASM
21、E and accredited by ANSI.This Standard presents a coordinated set of rules that may serve as a guide to governmentand other regulatory bodies and municipal authorities responsible for the guarding and inspectionof the equipment falling within its scope. The suggestions leading to accident prevention
22、 aregiven both as mandatory and advisory provisions; compliance with both types may be requiredby employers of their employees.In case of practical difficulties, new developments, or unnecessary hardship, the administrativeor regulatory authority may grant variances from the literal requirements or
23、permit the use ofother devices or methods, but only when it is clearly evident that an equivalent degree ofprotection is thereby secured. To secure uniform application and interpretation of this Standard,administrative or regulatory authorities are urged to consult the B30 Committee, in accordancewi
24、th the format described in Section IX of the B30 Standard Introduction, before renderingdecisions on disputed points.Safety codes and standards are intended to enhance public safety. Revisions result from commit-tee consideration of factors such as technological advances, new data, and changing envi
25、ronmentaland industry needs. Revisions do not imply that previous editions were inadequate.This is the first edition of this Volume, which was approved by the B30 Standards Committeeand by ANSI, and designated as an American National Standard on August 3, 2010.ivASME B30 COMMITTEESafety Standard for
26、 Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,Hooks, Jacks, and Slings(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERSP. S. Zorich, ChairR. M. Parnell, Vice ChairK. M. Hyam, SecretarySTANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNELN. E. Andrew, ThyssenKrupp St
27、eel USA, LLCW. T. Hargrove, Alternate, QinetiQ North AmericaR. E. Bluff IV, Gantry Constructors, Inc.P. A. Boeckman, The Crosby GroupR. J. Bolen, E. I. DuPontA. D. Brown, Poms and AssociatesM. E. Brunet, The Manitowoc Co.T. A. Christensen, Alliance of American Insurers/Liberty MutualInsuranceM. W. M
28、ills, Alternate, Liberty Mutual GroupB. D. Closson, Craft Forensic Services, Inc.T. L. Blanton, Alternate, NACB Group, Inc.J. P. Colletti, John P. Colletti Order Department: 22 Law Drive, P.O.Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2900 (www.asme.org)NFPA 70-2008, National Electrical CodePublisher: National F
29、ire Protection Association (NFPA),1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169(www.nfpa.org)ASME B30.28-2010Fig. 28-0.1-1 Fixed ArmPivots Fixed armLoadFig. 28-0.1-2 Flexible Lifting MediumPistonBall screwLoadLifting mediumHousing3ASME B30.28-2010Chapter 28-1Marking, Construction, and InstallationSECTION 28
30、-1.1: MARKINGS28-1.1.1 Rated LoadThe rated load of the balancer shall be marked onthe unit or its attachment and shall be legible from theoperating position.28-1.1.2 ControlsControl actuators shall be marked to indicate thedirection of resultant motion.28-1.1.3 IdentificationThe following informatio
31、n shall be legibly marked ona durable identification plate or label on the balancer:(a) name of manufacturer(b) year of manufacture(c) manufacturers serial number(d) type or model number(e) maximum rated load(f) maximum design working pressure, if applicable(g) electrical requirements, if applicable
32、 (voltage, fre-quency, amperage draw)28-1.1.4 Warnings(a) Safety signs should be designed according to therelevant requirements of ANSI Z535.4.(b) Balancers shall have information displayed on thebalancer and included in operating manuals concerningoperating procedures. This information shall includ
33、ecautionary language against(1) lifting more than the stated rated load(2) operating the balancer when the load is notsecure or properly attached(3) operating the balancer with twisted, kinked, ordamaged lifting medium(4) operating a damaged or malfunctioningbalancer(5) lifting people(6) lifting loa
34、ds over people(7) removing or obscuring warning or informationlabels(c) A label shall be affixed on all electrical controlenclosures. The label shall be in compliance withANSI Z535.4 and include, but not be limited to, informa-tion such as the following:4(1) Disconnect power and lockout/tagout disco
35、n-necting means before removing cover or servicing thisequipment.(2) Do not operate without cover in place.SECTION 28-1.2: CONSTRUCTION28-1.2.1 Mechanical Design(a) Balancers shall be designed to withstand allstresses imposed under normal operating conditionswhile handling loads within the stated ra
36、ted loadcapacity.(b) Load suspension parts shall be designed so thatthe static stress calculated for rated load shall not exceed20% of the ultimate tensile strength of the material used.(c) Power transmission parts shall be designed so thatthe dynamic stresses calculated for the rated load shallnot
37、exceed the endurance limits established by themanufacturer.(d) Modifications to re-rate or modernize the balanc-ers shall only be as authorized in writing by the originalequipment manufacturer or qualified person.28-1.2.2 Electric Design (Electrically PoweredBalancers)(a) Electrical construction sha
38、ll comply with relevantsections of Article 610 of NFPA 70.(b) Electrical components shall be located andenclosed so that energized parts will not be exposed tocontact under normal operating conditions.(c) Electrically powered balancers shall have a poweronoff switch mounted on the balancer at or nea
39、r thepower inlet cable.(d) Electrically powered balancers shall have an emer-gency stop switch on the operator control.28-1.2.3 Ropes(a) Hoisting rope (if used) shall be of a constructionas recommended by the balancer manufacturer for thebalancer service.(b) The rated load divided by the number of p
40、arts(lines) of rope shall not exceed 20% of the minimumbreaking strength of the rope.(c) Special considerations must be taken when ropemay be exposed to environmental conditions underwhich the rope could be damaged (e.g., corrosion orweld splatter).ASME B30.28-2010(d) Socketing shall be done in a ma
41、nner recom-mended by the rope or fitting manufacturer or a quali-fied person.(e) The rope ends shall be attached to the balancer ina manner to prevent disengagement throughout ratedhook travel.(f) Eye splices shall be made in a manner as recom-mended by the balancer manufacturer or qualifiedperson.2
42、8-1.2.4 Load Chain(a) Load chain shall be pitched (calibrated) so as topass over all sprockets without binding.(b) The load chain shall be proof tested by the chainor balancer manufacturer, with a load at least equivalentto 1.5 times the balancers rated load divided by thenumber of chain parts suppo
43、rting the load.28-1.2.5 Hooks(a) Hooks, if used, should be articulating or of theswiveling type at the top support of the balancer.(b) Hooks used at the bottom of the balancer shall beof the swiveling type and shall rotate freely.(c) Hooks shall be equipped with latches unless useof the latch create
44、s a hazardous condition. Whenrequired, a latch shall be provided to bridge the openingof the hook and retain, under slack conditions, liftingdevices such as, but not limited to, slings, chains, andeye pads. Refer to ASME B30.10, Hooks.28-1.2.6 ErgonomicsControl panels, manual overrides, component ac
45、cessdoors, and covers shall be located to provide suitableaccess.28-1.2.7 LubricationIf lubrication is required, accessible means for lubrica-tion shall be provided and proper instructions docu-mented in the operations manual as to the frequency,type, and location of lubrication to be applied.28-1.2
46、.8 Controls(a) Balancers shall have provisions that will preventuncontrolled upward movement in the event of a lossof load or failure of the lifting medium.(b) If there are duplicate controls, they should be inter-locked and the same operation shall be performed byeach set of control function (e.g.,
47、 up, down, start, close,open).(c) The control devices shall return to the neutral posi-tion when released.(d) Manual control valves shall be marked to indicatedirection or function of operation.(e) The control station shall be supported in a mannerthat will protect the power-source conductors agains
48、tstrain.5(f) Any control station that might present a hazard tothe operator if a ground fault occurs shall be grounded.28-1.2.9 Loss of PowerInterruption of power to balancers shall not cause ahazardous situation such as loss of control, unintendedmovement, and unintended direction of travel.28-1.2.
49、10 ManualsThe manufacturer shall furnish a manual with eachbalancer that shall include information on the following:(a) hazards(b) warnings that indicate the consequences of notadhering to the warning and methods to avoid thehazards(c) installation(d) operation(e) inspection(f) testing(g) lubrication(h) maintenance(i) parts(j) control diagram (may be supplied separately)SECTION 28-1.3: INSTALLATION28-1.3.1 Procedure(a) Procedure for balancer installation as recom-mended by the manufacturer shall be followed.(b) When balancers are suspended from a trolley,monorail, or bridge and
