1、Power PipingASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31AN INTERNATIONAL PIPING CODEASME B31.1-2014(Revision of ASME B31.1-2012)ASME B31.1-2014(Revision of ASME B31.1-2012)Power PipingASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31AN INTERNATIONAL PIPING CODETwo Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 USADate of Issuance: August 1
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11、d in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.The American Society of Mechanical EngineersTwo Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990Copyright 2014 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.CONT
12、ENTSForeword viiCommittee Roster . viiiIntroduction . xiiSummary of Changes xivChapter I Scope and Definitions. 1100 General . 1Chapter II Design . 12Part 1 Conditions and Criteria . 12101 Design Conditions . 12102 Design Criteria 13Part 2 Pressure Design of Piping Components . 19103 Criteria for Pr
13、essure Design of Piping Components . 19104 Pressure Design of Components . 19Part 3 Selection and Limitations of Piping Components . 34105 Pipe 34106 Fittings, Bends, and Intersections 34107 Valves 35108 Pipe Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, Gaskets, and Bolting . 36Part 4 Selection and Limitations
14、of Piping Joints 37110 Piping Joints 37111 Welded Joints . 37112 Flanged Joints . 38113 Expanded or Rolled Joints . 38114 Threaded Joints . 38115 Flared, Flareless, and Compression Joints, and Unions 38116 Bell End Joints 43117 Brazed and Soldered Joints 43118 Sleeve Coupled and Other Proprietary Jo
15、ints . 43Part 5 Expansion, Flexibility, and Pipe Supporting Element 44119 Expansion and Flexibility 44120 Loads on Pipe Supporting Elements . 46121 Design of Pipe Supporting Elements . 47Part 6 Systems . 50122 Design Requirements Pertaining to Specific Piping Systems . 50Chapter III Materials. 66123
16、 General Requirements . 66124 Limitations on Materials . 67125 Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Materials 69Chapter IV Dimensional Requirements 71126 Material Specifications and Standards for Standard and NonstandardPiping Components . 71Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 79127 Welding .
17、79128 Brazing and Soldering . 90129 Bending and Forming . 92130 Requirements for Fabricating and Attaching Pipe Supports . 93131 Welding Preheat . 95iii132 Postweld Heat Treatment 95133 Stamping . 102135 Assembly . 102Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing 104136 Inspection and Examination
18、. 104137 Pressure Tests . 108Chapter VII Operation and Maintenance . 111138 General . 111139 Operation and Maintenance Procedures 111140 Condition Assessment of CPS 111141 CPS Records 112142 Piping and Pipe-Support Maintenance Program and PersonnelRequirements . 112144 CPS Walkdowns . 112145 Materia
19、l Degradation Mechanisms . 112146 Dynamic Loading . 112Figures100.1.2(A.1) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping An Example of Forced FlowSteam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Water Line . 2100.1.2(A.2) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping An Example of Steam SeparatorType Forced Flow Steam Gene
20、rators With No Fixed Steam and WaterLine 3100.1.2(B) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping Drum-Type Boilers 4100.1.2(C) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping Spray-Type Desuperheater . 5102.4.5 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends 17104.3.1(D) Reinforcement of Branch Connections 24104.3.1(G) Reinforced Extr
21、uded Outlets . 28104.5.3 Types of Permanent Blanks 31104.8.4 Cross Section Resultant Moment Loading 33122.1.7(C) Typical Globe Valves 55122.4 Desuperheater Schematic Arrangement 59127.3 Butt Welding of Piping Components With Internal Misalignment . 80127.4.2 Welding End Transition Maximum Envelope 8
22、1127.4.4(A) Fillet Weld Size 84127.4.4(B) Welding Details for Slip-On and Socket-Welding Flanges; SomeAcceptable Types of Flange Attachment Welds . 85127.4.4(C) Minimum Welding Dimensions Required for Socket WeldingComponents Other Than Flanges 85127.4.8(A) Typical Welded Branch Connection Without A
23、dditionalReinforcement . 85127.4.8(B) Typical Welded Branch Connection With Additional Reinforcement . 85127.4.8(C) Typical Welded Angular Branch Connection Without AdditionalReinforcement 85127.4.8(D) Some Acceptable Types of Welded Branch Attachment DetailsShowing Minimum Acceptable Welds . 86127.
24、4.8(E) Some Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings . 87127.4.8(F) Typical Full Penetration Weld Branch Connections for NPS 3 andSmaller Half Couplings or Adapters . 88127.4.8(G) Typical Partial Penetration Weld Branch Connection for NPS 2 andSmaller Fittings . 89135.5.3 Typical
25、 Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads 103ivTables102.4.3 Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factors . 16102.4.5 Bend Thinning Allowance . 17102.4.6(B.1.1) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness 412in. (114 mm) orLess 18102.4.6(B.2.2) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness Greater Than
26、412in.(114 mm) . 19102.4.7 Weld Strength Reduction Factors to Be Applied When Calculating theMinimum Wall Thickness or Allowable Design Pressure ofComponents Fabricated With a Longitudinal Seam Fusion Weld 20104.1.2(A) Values of y 22112 Piping Flange Bolting, Facing, and Gasket Requirements . 39114.
27、2.1 Threaded Joints Limitations 43121.5 Suggested Steel Pipe Support Spacing 48121.7.2(A) Carrying Capacity of Threaded ASTM A36, A575, and A576Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel . 49122.2 Design Pressure for Blowoff/Blowdown Piping Downstream of BEPValves 56122.8.2(B) Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements for T
28、oxic Fluid Piping . 63126.1 Specifications and Standards . 72127.4.2 Reinforcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds . 83129.3.1 Approximate Lower Critical Temperatures . 92129.3.4.1 Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements . 94131.4.1 Preheat Temperatures 96132 Postweld He
29、at Treatment 97132.1 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon andLow Alloy Steels, P-Nos. 1 and 3 98132.1.3 Postweld Heat Treatment of P36/F36 . 98132.2 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment 99136.4 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for PressureWelds or Welds t
30、o Pressure-Retaining Components . 106136.4.1 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination . 107Mandatory AppendicesA Allowable Stress Tables 113Table A-1, Carbon Steel 114Table A-2, Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel . 126Table A-3, Stainless Steels . 136Table A-4, Nickel and High Nick
31、el Alloys 166Table A-5, Cast Iron . 178Table A-6, Copper and Copper Alloys 180Table A-7, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys . 184Table A-8, Temperatures 1,200F and Above 192Table A-9, Titanium and Titanium Alloys 198Table A-10, Bolts, Nuts, and Studs . 202B Thermal Expansion Data 207C Moduli of Elasticity
32、 . 216D Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors 222F Referenced Standards 229G Nomenclature . 233H Preparation of Technical Inquiries 240J Quality Control Requirements for Boiler External Piping (BEP) . 241N Rules for Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined With Nonmetals 243vNonmandatory Appendi
33、cesII Rules for the Design of Safety Valve Installations . 271IV Corrosion Control for ASME B31.1 Power Piping Systems 293V Recommended Practice for Operation, Maintenance, andModification of Power Piping Systems . 297VI Approval of New Materials 310VII Procedures for the Design of Restrained Underg
34、round Piping . 312VIII Guidelines for Determining If Low-Temperature Service RequirementsApply 323Index 333viFOREWORDThe general philosophy underlying this Power Piping Code is to parallel those provisions ofSection I, Power Boilers, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, as they can be applie
35、dto power piping systems. The Allowable Stress Values for power piping are generally consistentwith those assigned for power boilers. This Code is more conservative than some other pipingcodes, reflecting the need for long service life and maximum reliability in power plant installations.The Power P
36、iping Code as currently written does not differentiate among the design, fabrication,and erection requirements for critical and noncritical piping systems, except for certain stresscalculations and mandatory nondestructive tests of welds for heavy wall, high temperatureapplications. The problem invo
37、lved is to try to reach agreement on how to evaluate criticality,and to avoid the inference that noncritical systems do not require competence in design, fabrication,and erection. Someday such levels of quality may be definable, so that the need for the manydifferent piping codes will be overcome.Th
38、ere are many instances where the Code serves to warn a designer, fabricator, or erectoragainst possible pitfalls; but the Code is not a handbook, and cannot substitute for education,experience, and sound engineering judgment.Nonmandatory Appendices are included in the Code. Each contains information
39、 on a specificsubject, and is maintained current with the Code. Although written in mandatory language, theseAppendices are offered for application at the users discretion.The Code never intentionally puts a ceiling limit on conservatism. A designer is free to specifymore rigid requirements as he fe
40、els they may be justified. Conversely, a designer who is capableof a more rigorous analysis than is specified in the Code may justify a less conservative design,and still satisfy the basic intent of the Code.The Power Piping Committee strives to keep abreast of the current technological improvements
41、in new materials, fabrication practices, and testing techniques; and endeavors to keep the Codeupdated to permit the use of acceptable new developments.viiASME B31 COMMITTEECode for Pressure Piping(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Code.)STANDARDS COMMITTEE
42、 OFFICERSJ. E. Meyer, ChairJ. W. Frey, Vice ChairN. Lobo, SecretarySTANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNELR. J. T. Appleby, ExxonMobil Development Co.C. Becht IV, Becht Engineering Co.A. E. Beyer, Fluor EnterprisesK. C. Bodenhamer, Willbros Professional ServicesR. Bojarczuk, ExxonMobil Research and Engineerin
43、g Co.C. J. Campbell, Air LiquideJ. S. Chin, TransCanada Pipeline U.S.D. D. Christian, VictaulicR. P. Deubler, Fronek Power Systems, LLCW. H. Eskridge, Jr., Jacobs EngineeringD. J. Fetzner, BP Exploration Alaska, Inc.P. D. Flenner, Flenner Engineering ServicesJ. W. Frey, Stress Engineering Services,
44、Inc.D. R. Frikken, Becht Engineering Co.R. A. Grichuk, Fluor Enterprises, Inc.R. W. Haupt, Pressure Piping Engineering Associates, Inc.B. P. Holbrook, Babcock Power, Inc.B31.1 POWER PIPING SECTION COMMITTEEJ. W. Frey, Chair, Stress Engineering Services, Inc.W. J. Mauro, Vice Chair, American Electric
45、 PowerC. E. OBrien, Secretary, The American Society of MechanicalEngineersD. D. Christian, VictaulicM. J. Cohn, Intertek AIMD. H. Creates, Ontario Power Generation, Inc.S. D. Cross, Golden Spread Electric Cooperative, Inc.G. J. Delude, PenpowerR. P. Deubler, Fronek Power Systems, LLCA. S. Drake, Con
46、stellation Energy GroupM. K. Engelkemier, Stanley Consultants, Inc.S. J. Findlan, Shaw Power GroupP. D. Flenner, Flenner Engineering ServicesE. C. Goodling, Jr., WorleyParsonsJ. W. Goodwin, Southern Co.J. Hainsworth, WR MetallurgicalT. E. Hansen, American Electric PowerR. W. Haupt, Pressure Piping E
47、ngineering Associates, Inc.C. L. Henley, Black chemical, pharmaceuti-cal, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryo-genic plants; and related processing plantsand terminalsB31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquidsand Slurries: piping transporting productsthat are predominately liquid between p
48、lantsand terminals and within terminals, pump-ing, regulating, and metering stationsB31.5 Refrigeration Piping and Heat TransferComponents: piping for refrigerants andsecondary coolantsB31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution PipingSystems: piping transporting products thatare predominately gas betwe
49、en sources andterminals, including compressor, regulating,and metering stations; and gas gatheringpipelinesB31.9 Building Services Piping: piping typicallyfound in industrial, institutional, commercial,and public buildings, and in multi-unit resi-dences, which does not require the range ofsizes, pressures, and temperatures covered inB31.1B31.111Slurry Transportation Piping Systems: pipingtransporting aqueous slurries between plantsand terminals and within terminals, pump-ing, and regulating stationsB31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines: piping ingaseous and liquid hydro
