1、Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other LiquidsASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDASME B31.4-2009(Revision of ASME B31.4-2006)Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitt
2、ed without license from IHS-,-,-INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKCopyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ASME B31.4-2009(Revision of ASME B31.4-2006)PipelineTransportationSystems for LiquidHydrocar
3、bons andOther LiquidsASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDCopyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Date of Issuance: March 24, 2010The next Edition of this Code is
4、 scheduled for publication in 2013. There will be no addenda issuedto this edition.ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of the Code.Periodically certain actions of the ASME B31 Committee may be published as Code Cases. CodeCases and interpretations
5、 are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages athttp:/cstools.asme.org as they are issued.ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American NationalStan
6、dards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals fromcompetent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was madeavailable for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for addit
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10、 those interpretations issued in accordance with the established ASME proceduresand policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of t
11、he publisher.The American Society of Mechanical EngineersThree Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990Copyright 2010 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or ne
12、tworking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-CONTENTSForeword ixCommittee Roster . xiIntroduction . xiiiSummary of Changes xvChapter I Scope and Definitions400 General Statements 1400.1 Scope 1400.2 Definitions . 4Figures400.1.1-1 Diagram Showing Scope of ASME B31.4 Excluding Carbon DioxidePipeli
13、ne Systems (See Fig. 400.1.1-2) 2400.1.1-2 Diagram Showing Scope of ASME B31.4 for Carbon Dioxide PipelineSystems . 3Chapter II Design401 Loads . 7401.1 Load Classifications 7401.2 Application of Loads . 7401.3 Combining of Loads . 8402 Calculation of Stresses . 9402.1 General 9402.2 Properties . 94
14、02.3 Stress From Internal Pressure . 9402.4 Stress From External Pressure 9402.5 Stress From Thermal Expansion 9402.6 Longitudinal Stress 12402.7 Combining of Stresses 13402.8 Stresses From Road and Rail Traffic Loads 13403 Criteria for Pipelines . 13403.1 General 13403.2 Criteria for Pipe Wall Thic
15、kness and Allowances 13403.3 Criteria to Prevent Yield Failure 14403.4 Criteria to Prevent Buckling and Excessive Ovality 14403.5 Criteria to Prevent Fatigue . 16403.6 Criteria to Prevent Loss of In-Place Stability 16403.7 Criteria to Prevent Fracture 18403.8 Criteria for Crossings 18403.9 Criteria
16、for Expansion and Flexibility . 19403.10 Criteria for Used Pipe 20403.11 Criteria for Cold Worked Pipe 20403.12 Criteria for Shear and Bearing Stresses . 20403.13 Criteria for Structural Supports and Restraints 20404 Criteria for Fittings, Assemblies, and Other Components (Alternatively,Criteria for
17、 Components) 20404.1 General Criteria for Piping Components 20404.2 Directional Changes 21404.3 Branch Connections 22iiiCopyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-404.4 Flanges 29404.5 Valves
18、 . 30404.6 Reducers 31404.7 Closures . 31404.8 Joints 31404.9 Supports, Braces, Anchors, and Attachments 32404.10 Other Pressure-Containing Components 32404.11 Used Piping Components 32404.12 Auxiliary and Relief Piping 32Figures404.3.3.1-1 Reinforced Extruded Outlets . 23404.3.4-1 Welding Details f
19、or Openings With Complete Encirclement Types ofReinforcement . 25404.3.4-2 Welding Details for Openings With Localized Type Reinforcement . 26404.3.4-3 Welding Details for Openings Without Reinforcement Other Than Thatin Header and Branch Walls . 27404.3.5-1 Reinforcement of Branch Connections 28Tab
20、les402.1-1 Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, i . 10403.2.1-1 Tabulation of Examples of Allowable Stresses for Reference Use inPiping Systems Within the Scope of This Code . 15403.3.1-1 Allowable Values for Pipeline System Stresses 17404.3.4-1 Design Criteria for Welded Branch
21、 Connections . 27Chapter III Materials423 Materials General Requirements . 33423.1 Acceptable Materials and Specifications 33423.2 Limitations on Materials . 33425 Materials Applied to Miscellaneous Parts . 34425.3 Gaskets 34425.4 Bolting 34Table423.1-1 Material Standards . 35Chapter IV Dimensional
22、Requirements426 Dimensional Requirements for Standard and Nonstandard PipingComponents . 37426.1 Standard Piping Components 37426.2 Nonstandard Piping Components 37426.3 Threads . 37Table426.1-1 Dimensional Standards . 38Chapter V Construction, Welding, and Assembly434 Construction . 39434.1 General
23、 39434.2 Qualifications 39434.3 Right-of-Way 39434.4 Handling, Hauling, Stringing, and Storing 39434.5 Damage to Fabricated Items and Pipe 39434.6 Ditching . 40434.7 Bends, Miters, and Elbows . 40434.8 Welding . 41434.9 Tie-In 48434.10 Installation of Pipe in the Ditch 48434.11 Backfilling . 48ivCop
24、yright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-434.12 Restoration of Right-of-Way and Cleanup . 48434.13 Special Crossings 48434.14 Inland Coastal Water Construction . 49434.15 Block and Isolating V
25、alves . 49434.16 Connections to Main Lines . 50434.17 Scraper Traps 50434.18 Line Markers 50434.19 Corrosion Control 51434.20 Pump Station, Tank Farm, and Terminal Construction . 51434.21 Storage and Working Tankage 51434.22 Electrical Installations 52434.23 Liquid Metering . 52434.24 Liquid Straine
26、rs and Filters 52435 Assembly of Piping Components . 53435.1 General 53435.2 Bolting Procedure 53435.3 Pumping Unit Piping 53435.4 Manifolds . 53435.5 Auxiliary Liquid Petroleum, Carbon Dioxide, Liquid AnhydrousAmmonia, or Liquid Alcohol Piping . 53Figures434.8.6-1 Acceptable Butt Welded Joint Desig
27、n for Equal Wall Thicknesses 44434.8.6-2 Acceptable Butt Welded Joint Design for Unequal Wall Thicknesses . 45434.8.6-3 Recommended Attachment Details of Flanges . 47Table434.6-1 Minimum Cover for Buried Pipelines . 41Chapter VI Inspection and Testing436 Inspection . 54436.1 General 54436.2 Qualific
28、ation of Inspectors . 54436.5 Type and Extent of Examination Required 54436.6 Repair of Defects 55437 Testing 55437.1 General 55437.4 Test Pressure . 55437.6 Qualification Tests . 56437.7 Records 57Chapter VII Operation and Maintenance Procedures450 Operation and Maintenance Procedures Affecting the
29、 Safety of LiquidTransportation Piping Systems . 58450.1 General 58450.2 Operation and Maintenance Plans and Procedures 58451 Pipeline Operation and Maintenance . 59451.1 Operating Pressure . 59451.2 Communications . 59451.3 Line Markers and Signs 59451.4 Right-of-Way Maintenance . 59451.5 Patrollin
30、g 59451.6 Pipeline Integrity Assessments and Repairs . 59451.8 Valve Maintenance . 67451.9 Railroads and Highways Crossing Existing Pipelines 67451.10 Inland Waters Platform Risers 68451.11 Leak Detection . 68451.12 Strain Criteria for Existing Pipelines 68vCopyright ASME International Provided by I
31、HS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-452 Pump Station, Terminal, and Tank Farm Operation andMaintenance . 68452.1 General 68452.2 Controls and Protective Equipment . 69452.3 Storage Vessels . 69452.4 Storage of Combustible Mate
32、rials . 69452.5 Fencing 69452.6 Signs 69452.7 Prevention of Accidental Ignition . 69453 Corrosion Control 69454 Emergency Plan . 69455 Records 70456 Qualifying a Piping System for a Higher Operating Pressure 70457 Abandoning a Piping System . 71Figures451.6.2.2-1 Type I Interaction 62451.6.2.2-2 Typ
33、e II Interaction . 62Tables451.6.2.9-1 Acceptable Pipeline Repair Methods (Nonindented, Nonwrinkled, andNonbuckled Pipe) . 64451.6.2.9-2 Acceptable Pipeline Repair Methods for Dents, Buckles, Ripples,Wrinkles, Leaking Couplings, and Defective Prior Repairs 66Chapter VIII Corrosion Control460 General
34、 72461 External Corrosion Control Buried Pipelines . 72461.1 New Installations 72461.2 Existing Buried Steel Pipelines . 74462 Internal Corrosion Control . 75462.1 General 75462.2 New Installations 75462.3 Existing Installations . 75463 External Corrosion Control for Pipelines Exposed to Atmosphere
35、76463.1 General 76464 Pipelines in Arctic Environments . 76464.1 General 76464.2 External Coating Requirements . 76464.3 Cathodic Protection Facilities . 76464.4 Monitoring 77464.5 Internal Corrosion Control . 77465 Pipelines in High Temperature Service 77465.1 General 77465.2 External Coating Requi
36、rements . 77465.3 Cathodic Protection Facilities . 77465.4 Internal Corrosion Control . 77466 External Corrosion Control for Thermally Insulated Pipelines . 77466.1 New Installations 77466.2 Existing Installations . 78467 Stress Corrosion and Other Phenomena . 78468 Records 78Chapter IX Offshore Liq
37、uid Pipeline SystemsA400 General Statements 79A400.1 Scope 79A400.2 Definitions . 79A401 Design Conditions . 80A401.1 General 80viCopyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-A401.9 Installatio
38、n Design Considerations 80A401.10 Operational Design Considerations . 81A401.11 Hydrostatic Test Design Considerations 81A401.12 Route Selection Considerations . 82A402 Design Criteria 82A402.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Stress Limits . 82A402.4 Allowances 86A404 Pressure Design of Components 86A4
39、04.1 Straight Pipe . 86A404.3 Intersections . 86A405 Pipe . 86A405.2 Metallic Pipe 86A405.3 Flexible Pipe . 87A406 Fittings, Elbows, Bends, and Intersections 87A406.2 Bends, Miters, and Elbows . 87A406.4 Reductions 87A406.6 Closures . 87A407 Valves . 87A407.1 General 87A408 Flanges, Facings, Gaskets
40、, and Bolting 87A408.1 Flanges 87A408.3 Flange Facings . 87A409 Used Piping Components and Equipment 87A410 Other Design Considerations . 87A410.1 Pigs and Internal Inspection Tools 87A410.2 Special Components . 87A414 Threaded Joints 87A414.1 General 87A419 Expansion and Flexibility 87A421 Design o
41、f Pipe-Supporting Elements 87A423 Materials General Requirements . 87A423.1 Acceptable Materials and Specifications 87A423.2 Limitations on Materials . 87A434 Construction . 88A434.2 Inspection . 88A434.3 Right-of-Way 88A434.6 Ditching . 88A434.7 Bends, Miters, and Elbows . 88A434.8 Welding . 88A434
42、.11 Backfilling . 88A434.13 Special Crossings 88A434.14 Offshore Pipeline Construction . 88A434.15 Block and Isolating Valves . 89A434.18 Line Markers 89A436 Inspection . 89A436.2 Qualification of Inspectors . 89A436.5 Type and Extent of Examination Required 89A437 Testing 89A437.1 General 89A437.4
43、Test Pressure . 90A437.6 Qualification Tests . 90A437.7 Records 90A450 Operation and Maintenance Procedures Affecting the Safety of LiquidTransportation Piping Systems . 90A450.2 Operation and Maintenance Plans and Procedures 90A451 Pipeline Operation and Maintenance . 90viiCopyright ASME Internatio
44、nal Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-A451.3 Markers . 90A451.4 Right-of-Way Maintenance . 90A451.5 Patrolling 90A451.6 Pipeline Repairs . 90A451.7 Derating a Pipeline to a Lower Operating Pressure 91A451.8 Valv
45、e Maintenance . 91A451.9 Railroads and Highways Crossing Existing Pipelines 91A451.10 Offshore Pipeline Risers 91A451.11 Inspection . 91A452 Offshore Platform, Pump Station, Terminal, and Tank Farm Operation andMaintenance . 91A452.5 Fencing 91A452.7 Prevention of Accidental Ignition . 91A454 Emerge
46、ncy Plan . 91A460 General 91A461 External Corrosion Control for Offshore Submerged Pipelines . 91A461.1 New Installations 91A461.3 Monitoring 92A463 External Corrosion Control for Offshore Piping Systems Exposed toAtmospheric Conditions . 92A463.1 New Installations 92TableA402.3.5-1 Design Factors f
47、or Offshore Pipeline Systems . 84Mandatory AppendixI Referenced Standards 93Nonmandatory AppendicesA Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the B31 Pressure Piping Committee 96B Publications That Do Not Appear in the Code or MandatoryAppendix I but May Be of Informational Benefit 98Index 99viiiCopyrigh
48、t ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-FOREWORDThe need for a national code for pressure piping became increasingly evident from 1915 to1925. To meet this need, the American Engineering Standards
49、 Committee (later changed to theAmerican Standards Association) initiated Project B31 in March 1926 at the request of TheAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, and with that society as sole sponsor. After severalyears work by Sectional Committee B31 and its subcommittees, a first edition was publ
