1、AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDASME B89.3.4-2010Axes of Rotation: Methods for Specifying and TestingRevision of ANSI/ASME B89.3.4M-1985 (R1992)INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKASME B89.3.4-2010Revision of ANSI/ASME B89.3.4M-1985 (R1992)Axes of Rotation:Methods forSpecifying andTestingAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STAND
2、ARDDate of Issuance: May 12, 2010This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition. There willbe no addenda issued to this edition.ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of thisStandard. Periodically certain action
3、s of the ASME B89 Committee may be published as Cases.Cases and interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages athttp:/cstools.asme.org as they are issued.ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.This code or standard was develope
4、d under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American NationalStandards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals fromcompetent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was mad
5、eavailable for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.ASME does not take any position
6、 with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with anyitems mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability forinfringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability. Users of a code or stand
7、ard are expresslyadvised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, isentirely their own responsibility.Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted asgovernment or ind
8、ustry endorsement of this code or standard.ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the establishedASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.No part of this document may be reproduced in a
9、ny form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.The American Society of Mechanical EngineersThree Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990Copyright 2010 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.CONTENTS
10、Foreword ivCommittee Roster . vCorrespondence With the B89 Committee vi1 Scope 12 Definitions 13 Specification or Description of Axis of Rotation . 8Figures1 Reference Coordinate Axes Directions, Axis of Rotation, and Error Motionof Spindle . 12 Plan View of Spindle Showing General Case of Error Mot
11、ion and Axial, Face,Radial, and Tilt Motions . 33 Polar Plots of Error Motion and Its Components 64 Error Motion Polar Plot Showing PC Center and LSC Center and Error MotionValues About These Centers . 7Table1 Error Motion Type and Preferred Center . 7Nonmandatory AppendicesA Discussion of General C
12、oncepts 11B Elimination of Master Ball Roundness Error 41C Uncertainty Evaluation Procedure for Axes of Rotation . 45D References . 59iiiFOREWORDThe testing of axes of rotation is at least as old as machine tools since most forms of machinetools incorporate such an axis. One of the more widely distr
13、ibuted European works on testingmachine tools1devotes considerable attention to the problems encountered. Consideration ofprinciples, equipment, and methods were included in the work.Other European work2was carried forward and was published, in part, in 1959. As a result,a variety of terms came into
14、 use throughout the world to describe and explain the variousphenomena found during testing and subsequent use of machine tool spindles.In the United States, work published in 19673represented a new viewpoint both in definitionsand methods of testing. This work also underscored the lack of standardi
15、zation of the entiresubject of rotational axes. When the American National Standards Subcommittee B89.3, Geometry,was formed in February 1963, axes of rotation were not initially considered as a separate topic.This Standard, which was initiated by J. K. Emery in August 1968 as a part of the Geometry
16、Subcommittee work, is the result of recognizing the need for uniform technology and methodsof testing for axes of rotation.The goal in preparing the 1985 Standard was to produce a comprehensive document for thedescription, specification, and testing of axes of rotation. Extensive advisory material i
17、s providedin the Appendices as an aid to the user. It is recommended that this material be studied beforeputting the Standard to use. While the examples of the Appendices involve machine tools andmeasuring machines, the terminology and the underlying concepts are applicable to any situationin which
18、the performance of a rotary axis is of concern.The 1985 edition was adopted as an American National Standard by the American NationalStandards Institute (ANSI) on May 17, 1985.The 1985 Standard laid the modern foundation for understanding, specifying, and testing axesof rotation. The cornerstones of
19、 this foundation are the following: the concept of error motionas opposed to runout; recognition of the role of the structural loop; differentiation betweenfixed and rotating sensitive direction; classification of radial, axial, tilt, and face error motions;separation of thermal drift from error mot
20、ion; and dividing total error motion into average andasynchronous components. These concepts are illuminated by appendices with examples of testprocedures and equipment, including a method of separating error motion from out-of-roundnessof the test ball.This revision more fully describes the periodi
21、c nature of error motions in order to point outthe nonrandom, deterministic behavior of bearings. The term “average error motion” is nowcalled “synchronous error motion.” The distinction between synchronous and asynchronous isdescribed in terms of frequency analysis. Distinction is also emphasized b
22、etween axis errormotions, axis shifts (displacements due to changes in operating conditions), and structuralmotions.The least squares circle is now preferred for determining the center when calculating mosterror motions. New definitions include stator, rotor, bearing, artifact, orientation angle, ax
23、is shift,spindle error motion, synchronous error motion, residual synchronous error motion, static errormotion, stationary-point runout, setup hysteresis, frequency analysis, aliasing, and master axis.Manual evaluation of polar plots remains a valid method. A new appendix describes representativeunc
24、ertainty evaluation procedures for error motion measurement.ASME B89.3.4-2010 was approved by the American National Standards Institute on April 1, 2010.1Schlesinger, G., Testing Machine Tools, Machinery Publishing Co.2Tlusty, J., System and Methods of Testing Machine Tools, Microtechnic, 13, 162 (1
25、959)3Bryan, J. B., Clouser, R. W., and Holland, E., Spindle Accuracy, American Machinist, Dec. 4, 1967ivASME B89 COMMITTEEDimensional Metrology(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERSB. Parry, ChairD. Beutel, Vice ChairF. Co
26、nstantino, SecretarySTANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNELD. Beutel, CaterpillarJ. B. Bryan, Bryan and AssociatesT. Carpenter, U.S. Air Force Metrology LabR. L. Thompson, Alternate, U.S. Air Force Metrology LabT. Charlton, Jr., Charlton AssociatesD. J. Christy, Mahr Federal, Inc.F. Constantino, The American
27、Society of Mechanical EngineersG. A. Hetland, International Institute of Geometric Dimensioningand TolerancingSUBCOMMITTEE3GEOMETRYM. Liebers, Chair, Professional Instruments Co.J. B. Bryan, Bryan and AssociatesPROJECT TEAM 3.4 AXES OF ROTATIONM. Liebers, Chair, Professional Instruments Co.S. Badraw
28、y, University of MichiganJ. B. Bryan, Bryan and AssociatesJ. J. Costello, 3M Display however, they shouldnot contain proprietary names or information.Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten in this format by the Committee priorto being answered, which may inadvertently change the inte
29、nt of the original request.ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additionalinformation that might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by aninterpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME Committee or Subcommittee. ASME does not“app
30、rove,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.Attending Committee Meetings. The B89 Standards Committee regularly holds meetings, whichare open to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting should contact the Secretary ofthe B89 Standards Commi
31、ttee.viASME B89.3.4-2010AXES OF ROTATION: METHODS FOR SPECIFYING AND TESTING1 SCOPEThis Standard is primarily intended for, but not lim-ited to, the standardization of methods for specifyingand testing axes of rotation of spindles used in machinetools and measuring machines. Appendices provideadviso
32、ry information for the interpretation and use ofthis Standard.1.1 Properties Included in This Standard(a) error motion(b) structural motion(c) compliance(d) axis shifts1.2 Properties Not Included in This Standard(a) angular positioning accuracy(b) accelerometer, velocity, or microphone basedmeasurem
33、ents(c) dynamic compliance measurements(d) torque measurements(e) speed stability or load capacity2 DEFINITIONS2.1 General ConceptsThe definitions in this Standard have been arrangedto help the user develop an understanding of the termi-nology of axes of rotation.2.1.1 Axis of Rotationaxis of rotati
34、on: a line segment about which rotationoccurs.NOTE: In general, this line segment translates and tilts withrespect to the reference coordinate axes, as shown in Fig. 1.2.1.2 Spindlespindle: a device that provides an axis of rotation.NOTE: Other-named devices such as rotary tables, trunnions,and live
35、 centers are included within this definition.2.1.3 Rotorrotor: the rotating element of a spindle.2.1.4 Statorstator: the nonrotating element of a spindle.2.1.5 Bearingbearing: an element of a spindle that supports the rotorand allows rotation between the rotor and the stator.1Fig. 1 Reference Coordi
36、nate Axes Directions, Axis ofRotation, and Error Motion of SpindleZ reference axis(axis average line)sixa ecnerefer XDisplacementindicatorStatorsixa ecnereferYAxis of rotation(at angle )Error motion ofaxis of rotation(prior to angle ) Rotor2.1.6 Reference Coordinate Axesreference coordinate axes: mu
37、tually perpendicular X, Y,and Z axes, fixed with respect to a specified object.NOTES:(1) For simplicity, the Z axis is chosen to lie along the axis averageline, as in Fig. 1.(2) The specified object may be fixed or rotating.2.1.7 Perfect Spindleperfect spindle: a spindle having no motion of its axis
38、 ofrotation relative to the reference coordinate axes.2.1.8 Perfect Workpieceperfect workpiece: a rigid body having a perfect surfaceof revolution about a centerline.2.1.9 Axis Average Lineaxis average line: a line segment passing through twoaxially separated radial error motion polar profilecenters
39、.NOTES:(1) If the centers are not specified, the least squares circle (LSC)center is to be assumed.ASME B89.3.4-2010(2) The axis average line concept is used to define an unambiguouslocation of an axis of rotation for a given set of operatingconditions.2.1.10 Axis Shiftaxis shift: a change in positi
40、on of the axis of rotationcaused by a change in operating conditions.NOTES:(1) Causes of axis shift include thermal drift, load changes, preloadchanges, and speed changes.(2) An axis shift that occurs during an error motion measurementwill affect the error motion values.(3) Error motion specificatio
41、ns assume constant conditions unlessspecified otherwise.2.1.11 Displacement Indicatordisplacement indicator: a device that measures changes indistance between two objects.NOTE: Examples include capacitive gages, linear variable differ-ential transformers (LVDTs), eddy current probes, laser interfero
42、m-eters, and dial indicators.2.1.12 Structural Loopstructural loop: the assembly of components that maintainthe relative position between two specified objects.NOTE: A typical pair of specified objects is the cutting tool andthe workpiece; the structural loop would include the workpiece,chuck, spind
43、le rotor, bearings, stator, headstock, the machineslideways and frame, the tool holder, and the cutting tool. (In thisStandard, a displacement indicator qualifies as a tool.)2.1.13 Structural Error Motionstructural error motion: error motion measured from thespindle stator to the tool, from the roto
44、r to an objectmounted to the rotor, or from any two specified objectsoutside the stator-to-rotor structural loop.2.1.14 Sensitive Directionsensitive direction: the direction normal to the surface ofa perfect workpiece through the instantaneous point ofmachining or measurement (as shown in Fig. 2).2.
45、1.15 Nonsensitive Directionnonsensitive direction: any direction perpendicular to thesensitive direction.2.1.16 Fixed Sensitive Directionfixed sensitive direction: the sensitive direction is fixedwhen the workpiece is rotated by the spindle and thepoint of machining or measurement is not rotating.NO
46、TES:(1) A lathe has a fixed sensitive direction.(2) The reference coordinates are fixed with respect to the stator.2.1.17 Rotating Sensitive Directionrotating sensitive direction: the sensitive direction is rotat-ing when the workpiece is fixed and the point of machin-ing or measurement rotates.2NOT
47、ES:(1) A jig borer has a rotating sensitive direction; the point ofmachining or measurement rotates with the rotor (see Fig. A-3).(2) The reference coordinate axes rotate with the rotor.(3) For some measurements, a displacement indicator rotates withthe spindle; in an equivalent arrangement two disp
48、lacementindicators are arranged at 90 deg to each other (see para. A-7.5).2.1.18 Orientation Angleorientation angle: the angle between the circumferentialposition of a designated feature on the spindle stator orrotor and the point of machining or gaging.NOTES:(1) Specification of the orientation ang
49、le enables a spindle to beinstalled with the same orientation in which it was tested orspecified.(2) The orientation angle is specified with respect to a designatedfeature on the stator for fixed sensitive direction or on therotor for rotating sensitive direction.2.1.19 Direction Angledirection angle: the angle of the sensitive direction withrespect to the axis of rotation.NOTES:(1) Axial measurements have a direction angle of 0 deg and radialmeasurements have a direction angle of 90 deg.(2) The direction angle must be specified if the measurement direc-tion is at some angle other
