1、Hydraulic Turbines and Pump-TurbinesPerformance Test CodesAN INTERNATIONAL CODEASME PTC 18-2011(Revision of ASME PTC 18-2002)INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKASME PTC 18-2011Hydraulic Turbines and Pump-TurbinesPerformance Test CodesAN INTERNATIONAL CODE(Revision of ASME PTC 18-2002)Three Park Avenue New York
2、, NY 10016 USADate of Issuance: June 10, 2011The next edition of this Code is scheduled for publication in 2016. There will be no addenda issued to this edition.ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this Code. Interpretations are published on the
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9、the publisher.The American Society of Mechanical EngineersThree Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990Copyright 2011 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.iiiCONTENTSNotice vForeword viCommittee Roster viiiCorrespondence With the PTC 18 Committee ixSection 1
10、 Object and Scope 11-1 Object . 11-2 Scope 11-3 Uncertainties 1Section 2 Definitions and Descriptions of Terms 22-1 Definitions 22-2 International System of Units (SI) . 22-3 Tables and Figures . 22-4 Reference Elevation, Zc. 22-5 Centrifugal Pumps 22-6 Subscripts Used Throughout the Code 3Section 3
11、 Guiding Principles . 263-1 General 263-2 Preparations for Testing 263-3 Tests . 283-4 Instruments . 293-5 Operating Conditions . 293-6 Data Records 29Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement 324-1 General 324-2 Electronic Data Acquisition 324-3 Head and Pressure Measurement . 334-4 Flow Mea
12、surement 374-5 Power Measurement . 584-6 Speed Measurement 624-7 Time Measurement 63Section 5 Computation of Results . 645-1 Measured Values: Data Reduction . 645-2 Conversion of Test Results to Specified Conditions . 645-3 Evaluation of Uncertainty 655-4 Comparison With Guarantees . 65Section 6 Fin
13、al Report . 676-1 Responsibility of Chief of Test . 676-2 Parties to the Test . 676-3 Acceptance Tests 67Figures2-3-1 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Machine With Spiral Case and Pressure Conduit 202-3-2 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Machin
14、e With Semi-Spiral Case 212-3-3 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Bulb Machine 222-3-4 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Horizontal Shaft Impulse Turbine (One or Two Jets) . 23iv2-3-5 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Impulse Turbine . 242-4-1 Refer
15、ence Elevation, Zc, of Turbines and Pump-Turbines . 253-5.3-1 Limits of Permissible Deviations From Specified Operating Conditions in Turbine Mode . 303-5.3-2 Limits of Permissible Deviations From Specified Operating Conditions in Pump Mode 314-3.14-1 Pressure Tap 354-3.15-1 Calibration Connections
16、for Pressure Gages or Pressure Transducers 364-4.3.4-1 Example of Digital PressureTime Signal 414-4.4.1-1 Ultrasonic Method: Diagram to Illustrate Principle . 434-4.4.1-2 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 8-Path Flowmeter in a Circular Conduit 444-4.4.3-1 Ultrasonic Method
17、: Typical Arrangement of Transducers 464-4.4.4-1 Distortion of the Velocity Profile Caused by Protruding Transducers 474-4.4.6-1 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 18-Path Flowmeter in a Circular Conduit 494-4.4.6-2 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for
18、an 18-PathFlowmeter in a Rectangular Conduit . 504-4.4.11-1 Locations for Measurements of D . 524-4.5.1-1 Schematic Representation of Dye Dilution Technique . 544-4.5.2.1-1 Experimental Results: Allowable Variation in Tracer Concentration 554-4.5.5-1 Typical Chart Recording During Sampling . 574-5.1
19、-1 Three-Wattmeter Connection Diagram 594-5.1-2 Two-Wattmeter Connection Diagram . 604-5.1-3 Measuring Instrument Burden 61Tables2-2-1 Conversion Factors Between SI Units and U.S. Customary Units of Measure. 32-3-1 Letter Symbols and Definitions . 42-3-2M Acceleration of Gravity as a Function of Lat
20、itude and Elevation, SI Units (m/s2) 102-3-2 Acceleration of Gravity as a Function of Latitude and Elevation, U.S. Customary Units (ft/sec2) 112-3-3M Vapor Pressure of Distilled Water as a Function of Temperature, SI Units (kPa) 112-3-3 Vapor Pressure of Distilled Water as a Function of Temperature,
21、 U.S. Customary Units (lbf/in.2) . 122-3-4M Density of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure, SI Units (kg/m3). 132-3-4 Density of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure, U.S. Customary Units (slug/ft3) 142-3-5 Coefficients Ii, Ji, and ni. 152-3-6M Density of Dry Air, SI Units (kg
22、/m3) 162-3-6 Density of Dry Air, U.S. Customary Units (slug/ft3) . 162-3-7M Density of Mercury, SI Units (kg/m3) . 172-3-7 Density of Mercury, U.S. Customary Units (slugs/ft3) 182-3-8M Atmospheric Pressure, SI Units (kPa) 192-3-8 Atmospheric Pressure, U.S. Customary Units (lbf/in.2) 194-4.4.2-1 Inte
23、gration Parameters for Ultrasonic Method: Four Paths in One Plane or Eight Paths in Two Planes . 454-4.4.6-1 Integration Parameters for Ultrasonic Method: 18 Paths in Two Planes . 51Nonmandatory AppendicesA Typical Values of Uncertainty 69B Uncertainty Analysis . 70C Outliers . 74D Relative Flow Mea
24、surementIndex Test 75E Derivation of the PressureTime Flow Integral 81vNOTICEAll Performance Test Codes MUST adhere to the requirements of PTC 1, GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. The fol-lowing information is based on that document and is included here for emphasis and for the convenience of the user of this C
25、ode. It is expected that the Code user is fully cognizant of Parts I and III of PTC 1 and has read them prior to applying this Code.ASME Performance Test Codes provide test procedures which yield results of the highest level of accuracy con-sistent with the best engineering knowledge and practice cu
26、rrently available. They were developed by balanced committees representing all concerned interests. They specify procedures, instrumentation, equipment operating requirements, calculation methods, and uncertainty analysis.When tests are run in accordance with a Code, the test results themselves, wit
27、hout adjustment for uncertainty, yield the best available indication of the actual performance of the tested equipment. ASME Performance Test Codes do not specify means to compare those results to contractual guarantees. Therefore, it is recommended that the parties to a commercial test agree before
28、 starting the test and preferably before signing the contract on the method to be used for comparing the test results to the contractual guarantees. It is beyond the scope of any Code to determine or interpret how such comparisons shall be made.viFOREWORDThe “Rules for Conducting Tests of Waterwheel
29、s” was one of a group of ten test codes published by the ASME in 1915. The Pelton Water Wheel Company published a testing code for hydraulic turbines, which was approved by the Machinery Builders Society on October 11, 1917. This code included the brine velocity method of measuring flow wherein the
30、time of passage of an injection of brine was detected by electrical resistance. Also in October 1917, the Council of the ASME authorized the appointment of a joint committee to undertake the task of revising the “Rules for Conducting Tests of Waterwheels.” The joint committee consisted of thirteen m
31、embers, four from the ASME and three each from ASCE, AIEE, and NELA (National Electric Light Association). The code was printed in the April 1922 issue of Mechanical Engineering in preliminary form. It was approved in the final revised form at the June 1923 meeting of the Main Committee and was late
32、r approved and adopted by the ASME Council as a standard practice of the Society.Within three years the 1923 revised edition was out of print and a second revision was ordered by the Main Committee. In November 1925, the ASME Council appointed a new committee, the Power Test Codes Individual Committ
33、ee No. 18 on Hydraulic Power Plants. This committee organized itself quickly and completed a redraft of the code in time for a discussion with the advisory on Prime Movers of the IEC at the New York meeting later in April 1926. The code was redrafted in line with this discussion and was approved by
34、the Main Committee in March 1927. It was approved and adopted by the ASME Council as the standard practice of the Society on April 14, 1927.In October 1931 the ASME Council approved personnel for a newly organized committee, Power Test Codes Individual Committee No. 18 on Hydraulic Prime Movers, to
35、undertake revision of the 1927 test code. The commit-tee completed the drafting of the revised code in 1937. The Main Committee approved the revised code on April 4, 1938. The code was then approved and adopted by the Council as standard practice of the Society on June 6, 1938. The term “Hydraulic P
36、rime Movers” is defined as reaction and impulse turbines, both of which are included in the term “hydraulic turbines.” A revision of this Code was approved by the Power Test Codes Committee and by the Council of ASME in August 1942. Additional revisions were authorized by Performance Test Code Commi
37、ttee No. 18 (PTC 18) in December 1947. Another revision was adopted in December 1948. It was also voted to recommend the reissue of the 1938 Code to incorporate all of the approved revisions as a 1949 edition. A complete rewriting of the Code was not considered necessary, because the 1938 edition ha
38、d been successful and was in general use. A supple-ment was prepared to cover index testing. The revised Code including index testing was approved on April 8, 1949, by the Power Test Codes Committee and was approved and adopted by the Council of ASME by action of the Board on Codes and Standards on
39、May 6, 1949.The members of the 1938 to 1949 committees included C. M. Allen, who further developed the Salt Velocity Method of flow rate measurement; N. R. Gibson, who devised the Pressure-Time Method of flow rate measurement; L. F. Moody, who developed a method for estimating prototype efficiency f
40、rom model tests; S. Logan Kerr, successful consultant on pressure rise and surge; T. H. Hogg, who developed a graphical solution for pressure rise; G. R. Rich, who wrote a book on pressure rise; as well as other well known hydro engineers.In 1963, Hydraulic Prime Movers Test Code Committee, PTC 18,
41、was charged with the preparation of a Test Code for the Pumping Mode/Pump Turbines. The Code for the pumping mode was approved by the Performance Test Codes Supervisory Committee on January 23, 1978, and was then approved as an American National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on July
42、 17, 1978.The PTC 18 Committee then proceeded to review and revise the 1949 Hydraulic Prime Movers Code as a Test Code for Hydraulic Turbines. The result of that effort was the publication of PTC 18-1992 Hydraulic Turbines.Since two separate but similar Codes now existed, the PTC 18 Committee procee
43、ded to consolidate them into a single Code encompassing both the turbine and pump modes of Pump/Turbines. The consolidation also provided the opportunity to improve upon the clarity of the preceeding Codes, as well as to introduce newer technologies such as automated data-acquisition and computation
44、 techniques, and the dye-dilution method. Concurrently, the flow methods of salt velocity, pitot tubes and weirs, which had become rarely used, were removed from the 2002 Edition. However, detailed descriptions of these methods remain in previous versions of PTC 18 and PTC 18.1Following the publicat
45、ion of the 2002 Revision of PTC 18, the PTC 18 Committee began work on the next Revision to further modernize and increase the accuracy of measuring techniques and to improve clarity. The 2011 Revision is characterized by the following features: increased harmonization of text with other ASME Perfor
46、mance Test Codes according to PTC 1 General Instructions; improvement of text and illustrations; modernization of techniques with increased guidance on electronic data acquisition systems and in the case of the Ultrasonic Method increasing ultrasonic flow-measurement accuracy with additional paths;
47、deletion from this Code of the seldom used Venturi, volumetric and pressure-time Gibson flow-measurement methods; deletion from this Code of the seldom practical viidirect method of power measurement; and removal of the Relative Flow MeasurementIndex Test from the main text of the Code to a nonmanda
48、tory Appendix.The methods of measuring flow rate included in this Code meet the criteria of the PTC 18 Committee for soundness of principle, have acceptable limits of accuracy, and have demonstrated application under laboratory and field condi-tions. There are other methods of measuring flow rate un
49、der consideration for inclusion in the Code at a later date.This Code was approved by the Board on Standardization and Testing on March 3, 2011, and approved as an American National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on April 25, 2011. viiiASME PTC COMMITTEEPerformance Test Codes(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Code.)STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERSJ. R. Friedman, ChairJ. W. Milton, Vice ChairJ. H. Karian, SecretarySTANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNELP. G. Albert, General Electric Co. R. R. Priestley, ConsultantR.
