1、Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PART 2 Pressure Measurement INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS ASME/ANSI PTC 19.2-l 987 (REVISION OF PTC 19.2-1964) I THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGIN
2、EERS United Engineering Center 345 East 47th Street New York, N.Y. 10017 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Date of Issuance: August 15, 1988 This document will be revised when the Soc
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10、ectronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Copyright 0 1988 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A. Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or n
11、etworking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-FOREWORD (This Foreword is not part of ASME/ANSI PTC 19.2-1987.) This Instruments and Apparatus Supplement (PTC 19 Series) to the ASME Performance Test Codes provides information on instrumentation and associated procedures for tests involv- ing measu
12、rement of pressure. It is intended to promote results consistent with the best engi- neering knowledge and practice in industry. The object and scope of any test should be agreed upon in writing by all parties to the test prior to the test. ASME/ANSI PTC 2 on Definitions and Values and ASME/ANSI PTC
13、 19.1 on Measurement Uncertainty may be especially useful references when using this Supplement. This Supplement replaces an older version published in 1964. This edition was approved by the Board on Performance Test Codes on September 23,1986 and adopted by the Ameri- can National Standard Institut
14、e (ANSI) as an American National Standard on August 25, 1987. Acknowledgement The Committee wishes to acknowledge the contribution of past member P. Heydemann of the National Bureau of Standards. iii Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or
15、 networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-All ASME codes are copyrighted, with all rights reserved to the Society. Reproduc- tion of this or any other ASME code is a violation of Federal Law. Legalities aside, the user should appreciate that the publishing of the high quality codes that hav
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19、irfield, New jersey 07007-2300, and ASME will expedite delivery of such copies to you by return mail. Please instruct your people to buy required test codes rather than copy them. Your cooperation in this matter is greatly appreciated. iv Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license wi
20、th ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-PERSONNEL OF ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODE COMMITTEE NO. 19.2 ON PRESSURE MEASUREMENT (The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Supplement.) OFFICERS J. A. Silvaggio, Chairman J
21、. Wyler, Vice Chairman C. Osolsobe, Secretary COMMITTEE PERSONNEL C. W. Doran, Burr-Brown Corp., Foxboro Co. T. A. S. Duff, Ametek - US Gauge, Inc. C. W. Savery, Portland State University, Drexel University J. A. Silvaggio, Transamerica Delaval, Inc. J. A. Symonds, Private Consultant, Taylor Instrum
22、ent Co. J. S. Wyler, Smiths Industries, General Electric Co. Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-A. F. Armor R. L. Bannister J. A. Booth B. Bornstein W. A. Crandall H. G. Crim, Jr. N. R
23、. Deming J. H. Fernandes BOARD ON PERFORMANCE TEST CODES J. S. Davis, Jr.,Vice President W. 0. Hays, Secretary W. L. Garvin G. J. Gerber K. G. Grothues R. Jorgensen D. R. Keyser J. E. Kirkland, Jr. W. G. McLean J. W. Murdock S. P. Nuspl R. P. Perkins R. W. Perry A. L. Plumley J. A. Reynolds C. B. Sc
24、harp J. W. Siegmund R. E. Sommerlad J. C. Westcott vi Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-CONTENTS Foreword . Standards Committee Roster . . . GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS . 1 1.1 Definitions
25、 . 1 1.2 Units 2 1.3 Dynamic Measurements . 2 1.4 Use of Control and Operating Instrumentation 3 1.5 Two-Phase Fluid Systems 3 1.6 Bibliography 4 PRESSURE STANDARDS. . 5 2.1 Inter-Laboratory and Transfer Standards. . 5 2.2 Working Standards . 16 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES. . 21 3.1 Ranges and Accu
26、racies 21 3.2 Piston Gages. . 25 3.3 Manometers 28 3.4 Pressure Transmitters. . 32 3.5 Low Absolute-Pressure (Vacuum) Sensors 55 3.6 Elastic Gages. . 65 3.7 Special Applications of AP Cells . 73 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT INSTALLATIONS 95 4.1 PressureTaps . 95 4.2 Pressure Probes. . 96 4.3 Connecting Pipi
27、ng 102 4.4 Diaphragm Seals. 107 4.5 Installation Effects 114 4.6 Uncertainties in Pressure Measurement. . 116 REFERENCES . 117 Figures 1.1 Basic Pressure Terms. . 2.1 Pressure Measurement Calibration Hierarchy. . 2.2 Schematic Distortion of Piston and Cylinder in a Simple Piston Gage . 2.3 Simple Cy
28、linder Piston Gage. . 2.4 Re-entrant Cylinder Piston Gage . . . . 2 . . . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 V 7 8 9 vii Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.
29、11 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16A 3.16B 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 Gage Governed by the Controlled Clearance Principle . 9 General Principle of All Manometers. 12 Errors in Column H
30、eight Determination (Manometer Tilted by Angle 0 About a Horizontal Axis Through the Manometer Tubes) . 12 Errors in Column Height Determination (Manometer Tilted by Angle$inthePlaneoftheTubes). 14 Differential Pressure Transducer Connected to the Manometer . 14 McLeod Vacuum Manometer. 17 Pivoting
31、McLeod Vacuum Gage. 18 Simple Cylinder Piston Gage . 27 Re-entrant Cylinder Piston Gage 28 Controlled-Clearance Cylinder Piston Gage. . 29 Pneumatic Deadweight Ball Gage . 29 Absolute Pressure Piston Gage. . 30 Vacuum Piston Gage. 30 Piston Gage Measurement With a Diaphragm Separator 31 U-Tube Manom
32、eter for Absolute Pressure . 3 1 U-Tube Manometer for Differential Pressure . 31 Cistern Manometer 32 Inclined Manometer. . 32 Micromanometer (Null Reading) 33 Fortin Barometer 34 Bell-Type Element . 36 Slack Diaphragm 36 Schematic of a Pneumatic Force Balance Differential Pressure Transmitter. . 38
33、 Schematic of a Pneumatic Force Balance Tape Drive Servo. . 39 Schematic of an Electronic Force Balance Differential Pressure Transmitter. . 40 Typical Nozzle Baffle System. 40 Nozzle Backpressure Versus Gap for an Elementary NozzleBaffle . 41 Schematic Representation of a Double-Sided Variable Capa
34、citance Sensor Head. . 43 Schematic Representation of a Single-Sided Variable Capacitance Sensor Head. . 44 Inductive Displacement Detector. . 45 Preferred Schematic Representation of the LVDT. . 45 LVDT Used as a Pressure Transducer. 46 Potentiometric Detector. 48 Strain Gage 48 Wheatstone Bridge C
35、onfiguration of the Strain Gage . 49 Full-Bridge Diaphragm Gage . 50 Pressure Transducer With Vibrating Element . 50 Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer . 52 Conventional Piezoelectric System. 52 ChargeSystem 53 Basic ICP Transducer. 54 Operating Ranges for Pressure Switches. 54 Hickman Vacuum Gage. 5
36、6 Diaphragm Pressure Comparator. . 57 McLeod Gage 60 . VIII Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54 3.55
37、 3.56 3.57 3.58 3.59 3.60 3.61 3.62 3.63 3.64 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 ThermocoupleGage . Pirani Vacuum Gage . Bayard-Alpert Ionization Gage. . Phillips-Penning Gage Ionization Chamber of Alphatron Gage . Langmuir-Dushman Molecular Gage . BourdonGage Bourdon Tubes
38、 . BellowsGage . Slack Diaphragm Gage . Flow Installation Schematic of Differential-Pressure Transmitter Primary for Flow Measurement. Schematic Diagram of Open-Tank Transmitter Primary . Open-Tank Installation With Transmitter Mounted Directly toTankNozzle Open-Tank Installations With Remote Seal T
39、ype of Transmitter . Schematic Diagram of Closed-Tank Transmitter Primary Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg. . Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg Transmitter Above Datum Line . Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg Transmitter Below Datum Line . Closed-Tank Installation, Wet Leg . Closed-Tank Installatio
40、n, Wet Leg Transmitter Above Datum Line . Closed-Tank Installation, Wet Leg Transmitter Below Datum Line . Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg Transmitter Above Upper Process Tap . A “Repeater” Type Level Measuring Device . Hydrostatic Head Provides One Method of Density Measurement . Differential Hyd
41、rostatic Head Increases Sensitivity of Density Measurement . Common Method of Measuring Density of a Process Liquid . Pressure Tap Flow Field. TapGeometry Errors for Different Size Taps in Fully Developed Pipe Flow . Relative Tap Errors as Percent of Dynamic Pressure. . ImpactTube Variation of Total
42、 Pressure Indication With Angle of Attack and Geometry for Pitot Tubes (After NACA TN 2331, Aprill951) . Kiel Probe . Total Pressure Location on a Cylinder in a Flow Field StaticTube . Pitot-Static Tube. Cylindrical Probe, Principle of Operation . Wedge-Type Probe Spherical and Cone Type Probes Bask
43、et Probe . 60 61 63 63 65 66 68 68 69 69 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 92 92 93 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 101 103 103 104 105 105 106 ix Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-4.1
44、5 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 Tables 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3A 2.38 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Basket Probe With a Pressure Transducer. Magnitude of Probe-Blockage Effects Magnitude of Probe-Blockage Effects. . Typical Pressure Gage Piping Arrangement . Differential Pressure C
45、ross Connection Tube Configuration Used in Frequency Calculation. Remote Seal With Measuring Element for a Gage Pressure Transmitter Remote Seal With a Pressure Gage . Remote Seals for Use With a Differential Pressure Transmitter. Transducer Setup. Temperature Distributions in Connecting Tubing. Flo
46、w Measurement Transducer Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure Conversion Factors 3, 41 . Pressure Coefficient b 6. . Density of Manometer Fluids. Density, Thermal Expansion, and Vapor Pressure of Water Versus Tempe
47、rature in “C (IPTS-68) Density, Thermal Expansion, and Vapor Pressure of Mercury Versus Temperature in “C (IPTS-68) Capillary Depression in Mercury in Glass Manometers (Surface Tension: 0.45 N/m) . Summary of Pressure-Measuring Device Characteristics. Sensing Elements. . Vacuum Measurement Units . R
48、ecording of Gage-Test Data Sample. Seal Fluid Selection Chart . Type of Calibration Required for Various Applications. . Variations in Density for Different Liquids. Appendices A Tables of Corrections and Gravity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Commonly Used Unit Conversion Factors. .
49、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 Bl Corrections for Temperature to be Applied to Observed Height of Mercury Columns (Assuming Brass Scale is True at 32F). . . . . . . . . . Corrections for Temperature to be Applied to Observed Height of Mercury Columns (Assuming Brass Scale is True at 62F) . . . . . . . . . . . Difference Between g, the Gravitati
