1、STP-PT-053CRITERIA DOCUMENT FOR SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS ACCORDING TO PART UHX OF ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1STP-PT-053 CRITERIA DOCUMENT FOR SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS ACCORDING TO PART UHX OF ASME SECTION VIII DIV ISION 1 Prepared by: Francis Osweiller OSWECONSULT Date of Issuance: Marc
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9、tandards Technology, LLC Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 ISBN No. 978-0-7918-6876-8 Copyright 2013 by ASME Standards Technology, LLC All Rights Reserved Criteria Document for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers STP-PT-053 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword . xi Abstract xii PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 S
10、COPE . 2 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . 3 3 TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS COVERED 5 4 TYPES OF TS CONFIGURATIONS . 7 5 LOADING CASES 9 6 STRUCTURE OF PART UHX . 10 7 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT 11 8 NOTATIONS . 12 ReferencesPart 1 . 13 PART 2 TUBESHEET CHARACTERISTICS 14 1 SCOPE (UHX-11.1) 15 2 NOTATIONS . 16 3
11、 DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS (UHX-11.2) . 17 4 LIGAMENT EFFICIENCIES (UHX-11.5.1) 18 4.1 Introduction . 18 4.2 Historical Background . 19 4.3 LE in Part UHX (UHX-11.5.1) . 20 5 EFFECTIVE ELASTIC CONSTANTS (UHX-11.5.2) . 25 5.1 Introduction . 25 5.2 Historical Background . 25 5.3 The Square Pattern Problem 26
12、 5.4 Synthesis of Results. 27 5.5 Determination of EEC for the Full Range of * (0.1*1.0) . 28 5.6 Determination of EECS for UHX Rules (UHX-11.5.2) 28 5.7 Conclusion . 29 ReferencesPart 2 . 33 PART 3 ANALYTICAL TREATMENT OF FIXED TUBESHEET HEAT EXCHANGERS . 34 1 SCOPE (UHX-13.1) 35 2 HISTORICAL BACKG
13、ROUND . 36 3 GENERAL . 37 3.1 TS Configurations (UHX-13.1) . 37 3.2 Notations (UHX-13.3) . 38 STP-PT-053 Criteria Document for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers iv 3.3 Loading Cases (UHX-13.4) . 42 3.4 Design Assumptions (UHX-13.2) 43 3.5 Basis of Analytical Treatment . 44 3.5.1 General 44 3.5.2 Free B
14、ody Diagram . 46 4 AXIAL DISPLACEMENTS AND FORCES ACTING ON THE TUBES AND ON THE SHELL 47 4.1 Axial Displacement and Force Acting on the Tubes (Figure 18) 47 4.2 Axial Displacement and Force Acting on the Shell . 48 5 DEFLECTION AND LOADS ACTING ON THE TUBESHEET 51 5.1 Equivalent Plate Resting on an
15、 Elastic Foundation . 51 5.2 Determination of Integration Constants A and B 55 5.3 Deflection . 56 5.4 Net Effective Pressure . 57 5.5 Rotation . 57 5.6 Shear Force 57 5.7 Bending Moment . 59 5.8 Conclusion . 59 6 TREATMENT OF THE UNPERFORATED RIM 60 6.1 Edge Loads Applied on Shell and Channel at th
16、eir Connection to the TS 60 6.2 Equilibrium of the Unperforated Rim 62 6.3 Edge Loads Vaand MaApplied to the Tubesheet 65 7 EQUIVALENT PRESSURE ACTING ON TUBESHEET . 69 7.1 Definition . 69 7.2 Determination of Pe. 70 8 STRESSES IN THE HEAT-EXCHANGER COMPONENTS . 74 8.1 TS Net Effective Pressure 74 8
17、.2 TS Axial Displacement 74 8.3 TS Rotation 75 8.4 Stresses in the Tubesheet . 76 8.5 Axial Membrane Stress in Tubes . 79 8.6 Stresses in the Shell . 80 8.7 Stresses in the Channel 83 8.8 How to use the Rules . 84 9 DETERMINATION OF THE ALLOWABLE STRESS LIMITS. 85 9.1 General Considerations 85 9.2 A
18、llowable Stress Limit in the Tubesheet . 86 9.3 Allowable Stress Limit in the Tubes 86 9.4 Allowable Membrane Stress Limit in the Shell . 86 Criteria Document for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers STP-PT-053 v 9.5 Allowable Membrane+Bending Stress Limit in the Shell . 87 9.6 Allowable Membrane+Bending
19、Stress Limit in the Channel 87 9.7 Conclusions . 87 10 ADDITIONAL RULES . 88 10.1 Effect of Different Shell Thickness and Material Adjacent to the TS (UHX-13.6) 88 10.2 Effect of Plasticity at Tubesheet-Shell-Channel Joint (UHX-13.7) . 90 10.3 Effect of Radial Thermal Expansion Adjacent to the Tubes
20、heet (UHX-13.8) 92 10.4 Calculation Procedure for Simply Supported Tubesheets (UHX-13.9) . 95 10.5 Tubesheet Flange Extension (UHX-9) 96 10.6 HE Set-up with a Thin-Walled Expansion Joint (UHX-13.16) . 97 10.7 HE Set-up with a Thick-Walled Expansion Joint (UHX-13.17) . 97 11 CHECKING OF THE RESULTS 9
21、8 11.1 Comparison with FEA . 98 11.2 Comparison with CODAP French Rules . 100 11.3 Comparison with TEMA Rules . 105 11.4 Comparison with Circular Plates Subject to Pressure 112 11.5 Conclusions 114 ReferencesPart 3 . 115 PART 4 FLOATING TUBESHEETS 116 1 SCOPE . 117 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . 118 3 GE
22、NERAL . 119 3.1 TS CONFIGURATIONS (UHX-14.1) 119 3.2 Notations . 120 3.3 Loading Cases (UHX-14.4) . 124 3.4 Design Assumptions (UHX-14.2) . 125 3.5 Basis of Analytical Treatment . 126 3.5.1 General . 126 3.5.2 Free body diagram for ST TS . 127 3.5.3 Free body diagram for FL TS . 128 4 AXIAL DISPLACE
23、MENTS AND FORCES ACTING ON THE TUBES AND ON THE SHELL . 130 4.1 Axial Displacement and Force Acting on the Tubes (Figure 42) 130 4.2 Axial Displacement and Force Acting on the Shell (Figure 43) . 131 5 DEFLECTION AND LOADS ACTING ON THE TUBESHEET 132 5.1 Equivalent Plate Resting on an Elastic Founda
24、tion (Figure 44) 132 5.2 Determination of Integration Constants A and B 133 6 TREATMENT OF THE UNPERFORATED RIM . 134 6.1 Edge Loads Applied on Shell and Channel at their Connection to the TS 134 6.2 Equilibrium of the Unperforated Rim . 134 STP-PT-053 Criteria Document for Shell-and-Tube Heat Excha
25、ngers vi 6.2.1 Due to Axial Loads . 134 6.2.2 Due to Applied Moments 140 6.2.3 Edge Loads Vaand Ma Applied to the Tubesheet 140 7 EQUIVALENT PRESSURE ACTING ON THE TUBESHEET 141 8 STRESSES IN THE HEAT-EXCHANGER COMPONENTS . 142 9 DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE STRESS LIMITS . 143 10 ADDITIONAL RULES . 1
26、44 11 HOW TO USE THE RULES . 145 11.1 Stationary TS 145 11.2 Floating TS . 145 11.3 Calculation Procedure 145 11.4 Calculation Using a Fixed TS HE Software . 146 ReferencesPart 4 . 147 PART 5 ANALYTICAL TREATMENT OF U-TUBE TUBESHEET HEAT EXCHANGERS. 148 1 SCOPE 149 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . 150 3 GE
27、NERAL . 151 3.1 TS Configurations (UHX-12.1) . 151 3.2 Notations 151 3.3 Loading Cases (UHX-12.4) . 154 3.4 Design Assumptions (UHX-12.2) 155 3.5 Basis of Analytical Treatment . 155 3.5.1 General 155 3.5.2 Free Body Diagram . 156 4 TREATMENT OF THE PERFORATED TUBESHEET 158 5 TREATMENT OF THE UNPERFO
28、RATED RIM 159 5.1 Edge Loads Applied on Shell and Channel at their Connection to the TS 159 5.2 Equilibrium of the Unperforated Solid Rim 159 6 STRESSES IN THE HEAT-EXCHANGER COMPONENTS . 165 6.1 Stresses in the Tubesheet . 165 6.2 Stresses in the Shell and Channel 165 6.3 Determination of Stresses
29、using the Fixed TS Rules . 166 7 DETERMINATION OF THE ALLOWABLE STRESS LIMITS. 167 8 ADDITIONAL RULES . 168 8.1 Effect of Plasticity at Tubesheet-Shell-Channel Joint (UHX-12.5) . 168 9 HOW TO USE THE RULES . 169 10 COMPARISON WITH TEMA RULES 170 10.1 TEMA Formula 170 Criteria Document for Shell-and-
30、Tube Heat Exchangers STP-PT-053 vii 10.2 Numerical Comparisons 170 ReferencesPart 5 . 172 PART 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 173 1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 174 LIST OF ANNEXES Annex A Values of Effective Elastic Constants from Various Authors . 177 Annex B Values of Effective Elastic Constants for the
31、Full Range of (0.1*1.0) . 179 B.1 Introduction . 179 B.2 Curves (From 13 ) . 179 B.3 Numerical Values (From 13 ) . 180 B.4 Polynomials . 185 Annex C Poissons Ratio in Tubes and Shell 186 Annex D Shell Pressure Acting on Expansion Joint Sidewalls . 188 Annex E Differential Pressure Acting on the Equi
32、valent Solid Plate 189 Annex F Solution of Differential Equation w(x) . 191 Annex G Coefficients Zd, Zv, Zw, Zm; Qm, Qv; Q, Q; Fm, Ft. 193 Annex H Radial Displacement and Rotation of the Shell at its Connection with the Ring . 199 H.1 Radial Displacement Due to Internal Pressure Ps. 199 H.2 Radial D
33、isplacement and Rotation due to Edge Loads Qsand Ms200 H.3 Radial Displacement due to Internal Pressure and Edge Loads 200 H.4 Channel . 201 Annex I Shell-Ring Connection in Radial Direction . 202 Annex J Minimum Length of Shell and Channel when Integral with the TS 204 Annex K Formulas for a Hemisp
34、herical Channel when Integral with the TS . 206 K.1 Radial Displacement due to Internal Pressure Pc206 K.2 Radial Displacement and Rotation due to Edge Loads QsAND Ms. 207 K.3 Radial Displacement due to Internal Pressure and Edge Loads 207 Annex L Equilibrium of Ring Subjected to Edge Moments . 208
35、Annex M Direct Determination of the Equivalent Pressure 215 Annex N Formulas to be used when Pe=0 . 219 N.1 Net Effective Pressure: q(x) 219 N.2 Axial Displacement: w(x) . 219 N.3 Rotation: (x) 219 N.4 Bending Stress: (x) 219 N.5 Shear Stress: (x) 220 N.6 Axial Stress in Tubes: t(x) . 220 STP-PT-053
36、 Criteria Document for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers viii Annex O Tabular and Graphical Representation of Coefficient Ft(x) . 221 Annex P Tabular an d Graphical Representation of Coefficient Fm(x) . 238 Annex Q Tabular and Graphical Representation of Coefficient FQ(x) . 249 Annex R Calculation Shee
37、t of a Fixed TS HE (EXAMPLE UHX-20.2.3) 261 Annex S Determination of the Allowable Buckling Stress LimitS 262 Annex T Common Intersection of Curves t(x) . 267 T.1 General . 267 T.2 Determination of Common Intersection xofor t(x) 267 T.3 Generalization to Other Stresses 268 Annex U Determination of S
38、tresses Using the Fixed TS Rules . 269 Annex V Calculation Using a Floating or Fixed TS HE Software . 273 Annex W UHX14 Example 1 (2010 Edition) Stationary 274 Annex X UHX14 Example 1 (2010 Edition) Floating. 275 Annex Y UHX13 Example 3 (2010 Edition) with General Equations 276 Annex Z UHX12 Example
39、 4 (2010 Edition) . 277 Acknowledgements . 278 Abbreviations and Acronyms . 279 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Values for E*/E and for triangular pattern from Meijers 12 . 26 Table 2 Values of E*/E and for square pattern in pitch and diagonal directions from Slot and ODonnell 7 27 Table 3Comparison of TEMA
40、and ASME TS thicknesses for 4 U-tube HEs 171 Table 4Comparison of Effective Elastic Constants E* and values by various theoretical methods for plane stress problem. . 177 Table 5 Values of Curves * as a function of * for ratios h/p=0.1, 0.15, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 for TRIANGULAR pattern . 181 Table
41、 6 Values of Curves * as a function of * for ratios h/p=0.1, 0.15, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 for SQUARE pattern . 182 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Three types of tubesheet heat exchangers . 6 Figure 2 Tubesheet configurations . 8 Figure 3Ligament area in the actual tubesheet 18 Figure 4Ligament orientation
42、 in the actual t ubesheet . 19 Figure 5Ligament efficiency used in TEMA 20 Figure 6 TS equivalent diameter Do. 20 Criteria Document for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers STP-PT-053 ix Figure 7TS with unperforated lanes . 22 Figure 8 Tube expansion depth ratio =lt,x/h . 22 Figure 9Pass partition groove
43、on tube side of the TS . 24 Figure 10Pitch and diagonal directions for square pattern . 27 Figure 11Curves for the determination of E*/E and (triangular pattern) 30 Figure 12Curves for the determination of E*/E and (square pattern) . 31 Figure 13Curves E*/E for square pattern obtained from polynomia
44、l approximation given in Figure 12 . 32 Figure 14 Fixed tubesheet heat exchanger 35 Figure 15Tubesheet configurations 38 Figure 16Analytical model used in design method 45 Figure 17Free body diagram of the analytical model . 46 Figure 18Axial displacement of tubes 47 Figure 19Axial displacement of t
45、he shell . 48 Figure 20Loads acting on TS . 51 Figure 21 TS displacement 52 Figure 22. 56 Figure 23Ring equilibrium of the TS . 62 Figure 24. 69 Figure 25Bending stress distribution throughout the TS for Q3=0.0 and Xa=1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 77 Figure 26Shell with increased thickness adjacent to TSs .
46、 89 Figure 27 Temperature gradient at TS-shell-channel joint 93 Figure 28. 96 Figure 29 Minimum required thickness of the tubesheet flanged extension, h, 97 Figure 30Com parison of tube stresses calculated per UHX and FEA (Example UHX-20.2.3) . 99 Figure 31Tube stress distribution obtained by UHX, C
47、ODAP and FEA throughout the TS from r =0 to r =ao 105 Figure 32 TEMA and ASME-CODAP coefficient F for X varying from X=0 to X=20 107 Figure 33 TEMA coefficient F 107 Figure 34TEMA design range 108 Figure 35Coefficient Fq as a function of X for SS and CL TS 110 Figure 36Floating tubesheet heat exchan
48、gers . 117 Figure 37Stationary tubesheet configurations 119 Figure 38Floating t ubesheet configurations . 120 STP-PT-053 Criteria Document for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers x Figure 39Analytical model used in design method . 127 Figure 40Free body diagram of the analytical m odel for the ST TS 128
49、Figure 41Free body diagram of the analytical model for the FL TS 129 Figure 42 axial displacement of tubes 130 Figure 43Axial displacement of the shell . 131 Figure 44Loads acting on TS 132 Figure 45 TS displacement 133 Figure 46Ring equilibrium of the ST TS 134 Figure 47Ring equilibrium of the FL TS 135 Figure 48Immersed Floating TS HE . 137 Figure 49Externally sealed Floating TS HE . 138 Figure 50Internally sealed Floating TS HE
