1、Designation: A1023/A1023M 091Standard Specification forStranded Carbon Steel Wire Ropes for General Purposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A1023/A1023M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTESection 4.1 was changed editorially in September 2012.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for
3、the more common types of stranded steel wire ropes. Includedin this specification are wire ropes in various grades andconstructions from14 in. 6 mm to 238 in. 60 mm manufac-tured from uncoated or metallic coated wire. Also included arecord products from132 in. 0.8 mm to38 in. 10 mmmanufactured from
4、metallic coated wire. For specificapplications, additional or alternative requirements may apply.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pounds or SI units are tobe regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI unitsare shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are notexact equival
5、ents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-pendently of the other. Combining values from the two systemsmay result in nonconformance with the specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A931 Test Method for Tension Testing of Wire Ropes andStrandA1007 Specification for Carbon Steel
6、 Wire for Wire Rope2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 2232 Round Drawn Wire for General-Purpose Non-alloy Steel Wire RopesISO 3108 Steel Wire Ropes for General PurposesDetermination of Actual Breaking3. TerminologyDescription of Terms Specific to this Specification3.1 inserts, nfiber or solid polymer so positio
7、ned as toseparate adjacent strands or wires in the same or overlyinglayers or to fill interstices of the rope.3.2 Lubrication:3.2.1 impregnating compound, nmaterial used in themanufacture of natural fiber cores, covers, or inserts for thepurpose of providing protection against rotting and decay ofth
8、e fiber material.3.2.2 preservation compound, nmaterial, usually contain-ing some form of blocking agent, applied during, after, or bothduring and after manufacture of the rope to fiber inserts, fillers,and coverings for the purpose of providing protection againstcorrosion.3.2.3 rope lubricant, ngen
9、eral term used to signify mate-rial applied during the manufacture of a strand, core, or ropefor the purpose of reducing internal friction, providing protec-tion against corrosion, or both.3.3 rope cores, ncentral element, usually of fiber or steel(but may be a combination of both), of a round rope
10、aroundwhich are laid helically the strands of a stranded rope or theunit ropes of a cable-laid rope (Fig. 1).3.3.1 fiber core (FC), nan element made from eithernatural or synthetic fibers.3.3.2 solid polymer core, na single element of solidpolymer material that is either cylindrical or shaped (groov
11、ed).It may also include an element or elements of wire or fiber.3.3.3 steel core, na stranded rope (IWRC), or a roundstrand (WSC) construction. The round strand or the strandedrope core or its outer strands, or both, may also be covered orfilled with either fiber or solid polymer. Steel cores arenor
12、mally made as a separate independent element, the excep-tion being rope with a stranded rope core closed parallel withthe outer strands.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloysand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.0
13、3 on Steel Rod and Wire.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A1023/A1023M 07.DOI: 10.1520/A1023_A1023M-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Ser
14、vice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.*A Su
15、mmary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.4 strand, nan element of rope normally consisting of anassembly of wires of appropriate shape and dimensions laidhelically i
16、n one or more layers around a center. The center mayconsist of one round or shaped wire, of several round wiresforming a built-up center, or of fiber or some other material. Ifmultiple wires are used in a strand center, they may be countedas one wire.3.4.1 Cross-Section Shape:3.4.1.1 compacted stran
17、d, na strand that has been sub-jected to a compacting process such as drawing, rolling, orswaging (Fig. 2).3.4.1.2 round strand, nstrand having a perpendicularcross-section that is approximately the shape of a circle (Fig.3).3.4.1.3 triangular strand, nstrand having a perpendicularcross-section that
18、 is approximately the shape of a triangle(formerly referred to as flattened strand) (Fig. 4).(a) Style BSolid center wire(b) Style G32 or 32+3F center(c) Style H3 or 3+3F center(d) Style V17 center3.4.2 strand lay direction, nthe direction right (z) or left(s) corresponding to the direction of lay o
19、f the outer wires inrelation to the longitudinal axis of the strand (Fig. 5).3.4.3 Type and Constructions:3.4.3.1 multiple operation lay, nconstruction containing atleast two layers of wires in which successive layers are laid inmore than one operation, with different lay lengths. There aretwo basic
20、 types of multiple operation strand:(a) compound lay, nstrand that contains a minimum ofthree layers of wires where a minimum of one layer is laid ina separate operation, but in the same direction, over a parallellay center.FIG. 1 Examples of CoresFIG. 2 Compacted Round StrandBefore and AfterFIG. 3
21、Round StrandFIG. 4 Triangular StrandFIG. 5 Lay Direction of Strands for Stranded RopesA1023/A1023M 0912(b) cross-lay, nstrand in which the wires are laid in thesame direction. The wires of superimposed wire layers crossone another and make point contact.3.4.3.2 parallel lay, nstrand that contains at
22、 least twolayers of wires, all of which are laid in one operation (in thesame direction). The lay length of all the wire layers is equal,and the wires of any two superimposed layers are parallel toeach other, resulting in linear contact. There are four types ofparallel lay constructions:(a) combined
23、, adjdescribes a parallel lay constructionhaving three or more layers laid in one operation and formedfrom a combination of the above, for example, Warrington-Seale construction (Fig. 6a).(b) filler (F), adjdescribes a construction having outerlayer containing twice the number of wires than the inne
24、r layer,with filler wires laid in the interstices between the layers. Fillerwires are designated with the letter “F” (Fig. 6b).(c) Seale (S), adjdescribes a construction having samenumber of wires in each layer, for example, 9-9-1 (Fig. 6c).(d) Warrington (W), adjdescribes a construction havingouter
25、 (Warrington) layer containing alternately large and smallwires and twice the number of wires as the inner layer.Warrington layers are designated by listing the number of largeand small wires with a + sign in between and bracketing()thelayer, for example, (6+6) (Fig. 6d).NOTE 1Strand construction is
26、 designated by listing the number ofwires, beginning with the outer wires, with each layer separated by ahyphen.3.4.3.3 single lay, nstrand that contains only one layer ofwires.3.5 stranded wire rope, nan assembly of strands laidhelically in one or more layers around a core. Exceptions arestranded w
27、ire ropes consisting of three or four outer strandsthat may or may not be laid around a core. Elements ofstranded wire rope are shown in Fig. 7.3.6 Wires:3.6.1 finish and quality of coating, nthe condition of thesurface finish of the wire, that is, uncoated or metallic coated(zinc or zinc alloy).3.6
28、.1.1 metallic coated wire, ncarbon steel wire that has ametallic coating.(a) drawn-galvanized wire, ncoated carbon steel wirewith a zinc coating applied prior to the final wire drawingoperation, that is, galvanized in process.(b) drawn-Zn5/Al-MM wire, ncoated carbon steel wirewith a zinc-aluminum al
29、loy (mischmetal) coating applied priorto the final wire drawing operation.(c) final-coated Zn5/Al-MM wire, ncoated carbon steelwire with a zinc-aluminum alloy (mischmetal) coating appliedafter the final wire drawing operation.(d) final-galvanized wire, ncoated carbon steel wire witha zinc coating ap
30、plied after the final wire drawing operation,that is, galvanized at finished size.3.6.1.2 uncoated wire, ncarbon steel wire that does nothave a metallic coating. Commonly referred to as bright wire.3.6.2 Function:3.6.2.1 filler wires, ncomparatively small wires used incertain constructions of parall
31、el lay ropes to create the neces-sary number of interstices for supporting the next layer ofcovering wires.3.6.2.2 load-bearing wires (main wires), nthose wires in arope that are considered as contributing toward the breakingforce of the rope.AExample of Combined Parallel Lay ex. 31WS, 12-(6+6)-6-1B
32、Filler Construction ex. 25F, 12-6F-6-1CSeale Construction ex. 19S, 9-9-1DWarrington Construction ex. 19W, (6+6)-6-1FIG. 6 Parallel Lay ConstructionsFIG. 7 Elements of Stranded Wire RopeA1023/A1023M 09133.6.2.3 non-load-bearing wires, nthose wires in a ropethat are considered as not contributing towa
33、rd the breakingforce of the rope.3.6.2.4 seizing (serving) wires or strands, nsingle wires orstrands used for making a close-wound helical serving to retainthe elements of a rope in their assembled position.3.6.3 layer of wires, nan assembly of wires having onepitch diameter. The exception is a Warr
34、ington layer comprisinglarge and small wires where the smaller wires are positioned ona larger pitch circle than the larger wires. The first layer ofwires is that which is laid over the strand center. Filler wires donot constitute a separate layer.3.6.4 Position:3.6.4.1 center wires, nwires position
35、ed at the center of astrand of a stranded rope.3.6.4.2 core wires, nall wires comprising the core of astranded rope.3.6.4.3 inner wires, nall wires except center, filler, core,and outer wires in a stranded rope.3.6.4.4 outer wires, nall wires in the outer layer of theouter strands of a stranded rope
36、.Dimensional Characteristics3.7 Diameter of Rope:3.7.1 diameter of plastic-coated rope, nthe diameter thatcircumscribes the overall rope cross-section including thecover followed by the diameter, which circumscribes theunderlying rope (for example,34 58 in.).3.7.2 diameter of round rope, nthe diamet
37、er (d) thatcircumscribes the rope cross-section. Diameter is expressed ininches or millimeters (Fig. 8).3.8 Lay Length:3.8.1 rope lay length, nthat distance measured parallel tothe longitudinal rope axis in which the outer strands of astranded rope or the component ropes of a cable-laid rope makeone
38、 complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the rope (Fig. 9).3.8.2 strand lay length, nthat distance measured parallelto the longitudinal strand axis, in which the wire in the strandmakes one complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the strand.The lay length of a strand is that corresponding to t
39、he outerlayers of wires (Fig. 9).Manufacture (Rope)3.9 Preformation:3.9.1 non-preformed rope, nrope in which the wires andstrands in the rope will, after removal of any seizing (serving),spring out of the rope formation.3.9.2 preformed rope, nrope in which the wires andstrands in the rope will not,
40、after removal of any seizing(serving), spring out of the rope formation.3.10 prestretching, nthe name given to a process thatresults in the removal of a limited amount of constructionalstretch.Mechanical Properties3.11 Rope:3.11.1 actual (measured) breaking force, nbreaking forceobtained using the p
41、rescribed test method in Test Method A931or ISO 3108.3.11.2 calculated breaking force, nvalue of breaking forceobtained from the sum of the measured breaking forces of thewires in the rope, before rope making, multiplied by themeasured spinning loss factor as determined by the ropemanufacturers desi
42、gn.3.11.3 measured spinning loss factor, nratio between themeasured breaking force of the rope and the sum of themeasured breaking forces of the wires, before rope making.3.11.4 minimum breaking force, nspecified value that theactual (measured) breaking force must meet or exceed in aprescribed test.
43、3.12 Rope Stretch (Extension):3.12.1 constructional stretch (extension), namount of ex-tension that is attributed to the initial bedding down of wireswithin the strands and the strands within the rope due toloading. Initial extension cannot be determined by calculation.3.12.2 elastic stretch (extens
44、ion), namount of recoverableextension that follows Hookes law within certain limits due toapplication of a load.3.12.3 permanent stretch (extension), nnon-elastic exten-sion.3.13 Wire:3.13.1 torsions, na measure of wire ductility normallyexpressed as the number of 360 revolutions that a wire canwith
45、stand before breakage occurs, using a prescribed testmethod. Torsion requirements are based on the wire diameterand either the wire level, as specified in Specification A1007,or the tensile strength grade, as specified in ISO 2232.3.13.2 wire tensile strength, nratio between the maximumforce obtaine
46、d in a tensile test and the nominal cross-sectionalarea of the test piece. Requirements for wire tensile strengthare determined by either the wire level, as specified inSpecification A1007, or by the tensile strength grade, asspecified in ISO 2232.3.13.2.1 tensile strength grade, na level of require
47、mentfor tensile strength based on the SI system of units. It isdesignated by a value according to the lower limit of tensilestrength and is used when specifying wire. Values are ex-pressed in N/mm2(for example, 1960).3.13.2.2 wire level, na level of requirement for tensilestrength based on the inch-
48、pound system of units (for example,Level 3).FIG. 8 Diameter of Round RopeA1023/A1023M 0914Terminology Relating to Ropes3.14 Rope Classification and Construction:3.14.1 rope classification, na grouping of ropes of similarcharacteristics on the basis of, for stranded ropes, the numberof strands and th
49、eir shape, the number of strand layers, thenumber of wires in one strand, the number of outer wires in onestrand, and the number of wire layers in one strand. Forclassification details, refer to Table 2.3.14.2 rope construction, ndetail and arrangement of thevarious elements of the rope, taking into account the number ofstrands, and the number of wires in the strand. For constructiondetails, refer to Tables 934.3.14.2.1 DiscussionRope construction is designated bylisting the numb
