1、Designation: A 178/A 178M 02Standard Specification forElectric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 178/A 178M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.
3、Scope*1.1 This specification2covers minimum-wall-thickness,electric-resistance-welded tubes made of carbon steel andcarbon-manganese steel intended for use as boiler tubes, boilerflues, superheater flues, and safe ends.NOTE 1Type C and D tubes are not suitable for safe-ending for forgewelding.1.2 Th
4、e tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished tothis specification are12 to 5 in. 12.7 to 127 mm in outsidediameter and 0.035 to 0.360 in. 0.9 to 9.1 mm, inclusive, inminimum wall thickness. Tubing having other dimensions maybe furnished, provided such tubes comply with all otherrequirements of t
5、his specification.1.3 Mechanical property requirements do not apply totubing smaller than18 in. 3.2 mm in inside diameter or 0.015in. 0.4 mm in thickness.1.4 Optional supplementary requirements are provided andwhen desired, shall be so stated in the order.1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound u
6、nits or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system mustbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance w
7、ith the specifi-cation. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M”designation of this specification is specified in the order.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:A 450/A 450M Specification for General Requirements forCarbon, Ferritic Alloy, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes3E 213 Practice
8、for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipeand Tubing4E 273 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of LongitudinalWelded Pipe and Tubing43. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for material under this specification shouldinclude the following, as required, to describe the desiredmaterial adequately:3.1.1 Quanti
9、ty (feet, metres, or number of lengths),3.1.2 Name of material (electric-resistance-welded tubes),3.1.3 Grade (A, C, or D, Table 1),3.1.4 Size (outside diameter and minimum wall thickness),3.1.5 Length (specific or random),3.1.6 Optional requirements (product analysis, Section 7;crush test, Section
10、10; hydrostatic or nondestructive electrictest, 11.6),3.1.7 Test report required (Certification Section of Specifi-cation A 450/A 450M),3.1.8 Specification designation,3.1.9 Individual supplementary requirements, if required,and3.1.10 Special requirements.4. Manufacture4.1 The steel for Grade D shal
11、l be killed.4.2 Tubes shall be made by electric-resistance welding.5. Heat Treatment5.1 After welding, all tubes shall be heat treated at atemperature of 1650F 900C or higher and followed bycooling in air or in the cooling chamber of a controlled-atmosphere furnace. Cold-drawn tubes shall be heat tr
12、eatedafter the final cold-draw pass at a temperature of 1200F650C or higher.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys, and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.09 on Carbon Steel Tubular Products.Current edition approve
13、d Sept. 10, 2002 . Published November 2002. Originallypublished as A 178 35 T. Last previous edition A 178/A 178M 95 (2002).2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-cation SA-178 in Section II of that Code.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.4Annual Book of AS
14、TM Standards, Vol 03.03.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Chemical Composition6.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements as tochemical compositio
15、n prescribed in Table 1.6.2 When a grade is ordered under this specification, sup-plying an alloy grade that specifically requires the addition ofany element other than those listed in Table 1 is not permitted.7. Product Analysis7.1 When requested on the purchase order, a product analy-sis shall be
16、made by the manufacturer or supplier from one tubeper 100 pieces for sizes over 3 in. 76.2 mm and one tube per250 pieces for sizes 3 in. 76.2 mm and under; or when tubesare identified by heat, one tube per heat shall be analyzed. Thechemical composition thus determined shall conform to therequiremen
17、ts specified.7.2 If the original test for product analysis fails, retests oftwo additional lengths of flat-rolled stock or tubes shall bemade. Both retests, for the elements in question, shall meet therequirements of the specification; otherwise all remainingmaterial in the heat or lot (Note 2) shal
18、l be rejected or, at theoption of the producer, each length of flat-rolled stock or tubemay be individually tested for acceptance. Lengths of flat-rolled stock or tubes which do not meet the requirements of thespecifications shall be rejected.NOTE 2A lot consists of 250 tubes for sizes 3 in. 76.2 mm
19、 and underand of 100 tubes for sizes over 3 in. 76.2 mm, prior to cutting to length.8. General Requirements8.1 Material furnished under this specification shall con-form to the applicable requirements of the current edition ofSpecification A 450/A 450M unless otherwise provided herein.9. Tensile Req
20、uirements9.1 Grade C and D tubes shall conform to the requirementsas to tensile properties prescribed in Table 2.NOTE 3Explanatory NoteFor purposes of design the followingtensile properties may be assumed for Grade A tubes:Tensile strength, min, ksi MPa 47 325Yield Strength, min, ksi MPa 26 180Elong
21、ation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 3510. Crush Test10.1 When required by the purchaser, crushing tests shall bemade on sections of tube 212 in. 63 mm in length which shallstand crushing longitudinally without cracking, splitting, oropening at the weld, as follows:Wall Thickness ofTubes, in. mmHeight of
22、 Crushed Section, in. mmGrade A Tubes Grade C and D Tubes0.135 3.43 and under34 19 or until outsidefolds are in contactCrush tests not requiredOver 0.135 3.43 114 32 .10.2 Table 3 gives the computed minimum elongationvalues for each132-in. 0.8 mm decrease in wall thickness.Where the wall thickness l
23、ies between two values shownabove, the minimum elongation value shall be determined bythe following equation:E 5 48t 1 15.00 E 5 1.87t 1 15.00#where:E = elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, %, and,t = actual thickness of specimen, in. mm.10.3 For tubing less than 1 in. 25.4 mm in outsidediameter, the lengt
24、h of the specimen shall be 212 times theoutside diameter of the tube. Slight surface checks shall not because for rejection.11. Mechanical Tests Required11.1 Flattening Test:11.1.1 For Grade A, one flattening test shall be made onspecimens from each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2) orfraction the
25、reof, and from each 2000 ft 600 m or fractionthereof of safe-end material.11.1.2 For Grades C and D, one flattening test shall be madeon specimens from each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2) orfraction thereof.11.2 Flange Test:11.2.1 For Grade A, one flange test shall be made onspecimens from each
26、 of two tubes from each lot (Note 2) orTABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsElementComposition, %Grade A,Low-CarbonSteelGrade C,Medium-Carbon SteelGrade D, Carbon-Man-ganese SteelCarbon 0.060.18 0.35 max 0.27 maxManganese 0.270.63 0.80 max 1.001.50Phosphorus, max 0.035 0.035 0.030Sulfur, max 0.035 0.035 0.0
27、15Silicon . . 0.10 minTABLE 2 Tensile RequirementsGrade C Grade DTensile strength, min, ksi MPa 60 415 70 485Yield strength, min, ksi MPa 37 255 40 275Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 30 30For longitudinal strip tests a deduction foreach132-in. 0.8 mm decrease in wallthickness below516 in. 8 mm
28、from thebasic minimum elongation of thefollowing percentage points shall bemade.1.50A1.50AASee Table 3 for the computed minimum values.TABLE 3 Minimum Elongation ValuesWall Thickness Elongation in 2 in. or 50mm, min, %Ain. mm516 (0.312) 8 30932 (0.281) 7.2 2914 (0.250) 6.4 27732 (0.219) 5.6 26316 (0
29、.188) 4.8 24532 (0.156) 4 2218 (0.125) 3.2 21332 (0.094) 2.4 20116 (0.062) 1.6 18ACalculated elongation requirements shall be rounded to the nearest wholenumber.A 178/A 178M 022fraction thereof, and from each 2000 ft 600 m or fractionthereof of safe-end material.11.2.2 For Grades C and D, one flange
30、 test shall be made onspecimens from each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2) orfraction thereof. The width of the flange shall not be less than75 % of that specified in Specification A 450/A 450M.11.3 Crush TestFor Grade A, when required by thepurchaser, one crush test shall be made on specimens fr
31、omeach of two tubes from each lot (Note 2) or fraction thereof,and from each 2000 ft 600 m or fraction thereof of safe-endmaterial.11.4 Tension TestFor Grades C and D, one tension testshall be made on specimens from each of two tubes from eachlot. The term lot for tension test requirements applies t
32、o alltubes prior to cutting, of the same nominal diameter and wallthickness, which are produced from the same heat of steel.When final heat treatment is in a batch-type furnace, a lot shallinclude only those tubes of the same size and the same heatwhich are heat treated in the same furnace charge. W
33、hen thefinal heat treatment is in a continuous furnace, a lot shallinclude all tubes of the same size and heat, heat treated in thesame furnace, at the same temperature, time at heat, andfurnace speed.11.5 Reverse Flattening TestOne reverse flattening testshall be made on each 1500 ft 450 m of finis
34、hed tubing.11.6 Hydrostatic or Nondestructive Electric TestEachtube shall be subjected to either the hydrostatic or the nonde-structive electric test. The purchaser may specify which test isto be used.12. Forming Operations12.1 When inserted in the boiler, tubes shall withstandexpanding and beading
35、without showing cracks or flaws, oropening at the weld. When properly manipulated, superheatertubes shall withstand all forging, welding, and bending opera-tions necessary for application without developing defects.13. Product Marking13.1 In addition to the marking prescribed in SpecificationA 450/A
36、 450M, the letters “ERW” shall be legibly stenciled oneach tube, or marked on a tag attached to the bundle or box inwhich the tubes are shipped.13.2 The manufacturers name or symbol may be placedpermanently on each tube by rolling or light stamping beforenormalizing. If a single stamp is placed on t
37、he tube by hand,this mark should not be less than 8 in. 200 mm from one endof the tube.14. Keywords14.1 boiler tube; resistance welded steel tube; steel tube,carbon; welded steel tubeSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSThe following supplementary requirements may become a part of the specification when specif
38、iedin the inquiry or invitation to bid, and production order or contract. These requirements shall not beconsidered, unless specified in the order and the necessary tests shall be made at the mill.S1. Additional Testing of Welded Tubing for ASMERequirementsS1.1 The weld seam of each tube shall be su
39、bjected to anultrasonic inspection employing Practices E 273 or E 213 withthe rejection criteria referenced in Specification A 450/A 450M.S1.2 If Practice E 273 is employed, a 100 % volumetricinspection of the entire length of each tube shall also beperformed using one of the nondestructive electric
40、 tests per-mitted by Specification A 450/A 450M.S1.3 The test methods described in the supplement may notbe capable of inspecting the end portions of tubes. Thiscondition is referred to as end effect. This portion, as deter-mined by the manufacturer, shall be removed and discarded.S1.4 In addition t
41、o the marking prescribed in SpecificationA 450/A 450M, “S1” shall be added after the gradedesignation.A 178/A 178M 023SUMMARY OF CHANGESThis section identifies the location of selected changes to this specification that have been incorporated sincethe last edition, A 178/A 178M-95 (2002), as follows
42、:(1) Paragraph 1.4 was deleted and the subsequent subsectionswere renumbered.(2) Paragraph 2.1 was revised to delete the reference toSpecification A 520.(3) Specification A 226/A 226M was deleted from Section 2.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserte
43、d in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by th
44、e responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
45、careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Internat
46、ional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).A 178/A 178M 024
