1、Designation: A 178/A 178M 02 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Specification forElectric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes1This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 178/A 178M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Departme
3、nt of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification2covers minimum-wall-thickness,electric-resistance-welded tubes made of carbon steel andcarbon-manganese steel intended for use as boiler tubes, boilerflues, superheater flues, and safe ends.NOTE 1Type C and D tubes are not suitable for safe-ending for for
4、gewelding.1.2 The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished tothis specification are12 to 5 in. 12.7 to 127 mm in outsidediameter and 0.035 to 0.360 in. 0.9 to 9.1 mm, inclusive, inminimum wall thickness. Tubing having other dimensions maybe furnished, provided such tubes comply with all otherr
5、equirements of this specification.1.3 Mechanical property requirements do not apply totubing smaller than18 in. 3.2 mm in inside diameter or 0.015in. 0.4 mm in thickness.1.4 Optional supplementary requirements are provided andwhen desired, shall be so stated in the order.1.5 The values stated in eit
6、her inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system mustbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in
7、nonconformance with the specifi-cation. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M”designation of this specification is specified in the order.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A 450/A 450M Specification for General Requirements forCarbon and Low Alloy Steel TubesE 213 Practice for Ultr
8、asonic Examination of Metal Pipeand TubingE 273 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of the WeldZone of Welded Pipe and Tubing3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for material under this specification shouldinclude the following, as required, to describe the desiredmaterial adequately:3.1.1 Quantity (fe
9、et, metres, or number of lengths),3.1.2 Name of material (electric-resistance-welded tubes),3.1.3 Grade (A, C, or D, Table 1),3.1.4 Size (outside diameter and minimum wall thickness),3.1.5 Length (specific or random),3.1.6 Optional requirements (product analysis, Section 7;crush test, Section 10; hy
10、drostatic or nondestructive electrictest, 11.6),3.1.7 Test report required (Certification Section of Specifi-cation A 450/A 450M),3.1.8 Specification designation,3.1.9 Individual supplementary requirements, if required,and3.1.10 Special requirements.4. Manufacture4.1 The steel for Grade D shall be k
11、illed.4.2 Tubes shall be made by electric-resistance welding.5. Heat Treatment5.1 After welding, all tubes shall be heat treated at atemperature of 1650F 900C or higher and followed bycooling in air or in the cooling chamber of a controlled-atmosphere furnace. Cold-drawn tubes shall be heat treateda
12、fter the final cold-draw pass at a temperature of 1200F650C or higher.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.09 on Carbon Steel Tubular Products.Current edition approved Nov.
13、1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as A 178/A 178M 02.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-cation SA-178 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.
14、org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Chemical
15、 Composition6.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements as tochemical composition prescribed in Table 1.6.2 When a grade is ordered under this specification, sup-plying an alloy grade that specifically requires the addition ofany element other than those listed in Table 1 is not permitted.7. Pro
16、duct Analysis7.1 When requested on the purchase order, a product analy-sis shall be made by the manufacturer or supplier from one tubeper 100 pieces for sizes over 3 in. 76.2 mm and one tube per250 pieces for sizes 3 in. 76.2 mm and under; or when tubesare identified by heat, one tube per heat shall
17、 be analyzed. Thechemical composition thus determined shall conform to therequirements specified.7.2 If the original test for product analysis fails, retests oftwo additional lengths of flat-rolled stock or tubes shall bemade. Both retests, for the elements in question, shall meet therequirements of
18、 the specification; otherwise all remainingmaterial in the heat or lot (Note 2) shall be rejected or, at theoption of the producer, each length of flat-rolled stock or tubemay be individually tested for acceptance. Lengths of flat-rolled stock or tubes which do not meet the requirements of thespecif
19、ications shall be rejected.NOTE 2Alot consists of 250 tubes for sizes 3 in. 76.2 mm and underand of 100 tubes for sizes over 3 in. 76.2 mm, prior to cutting to length.8. General Requirements8.1 Material furnished under this specification shall con-form to the applicable requirements of the current e
20、dition ofSpecification A 450/A 450M unless otherwise provided herein.9. Tensile Requirements9.1 Grade C and D tubes shall conform to the requirementsas to tensile properties prescribed in Table 2.NOTE 3Explanatory NoteFor purposes of design the followingtensile properties may be assumed for Grade A
21、tubes:Tensile strength, min, ksi MPa 47 325Yield Strength, min, ksi MPa 26 180Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 3510. Crush Test10.1 When required by the purchaser, crushing tests shall bemade on sections of tube 212 in. 63 mm in length which shallstand crushing longitudinally without cracking, s
22、plitting, oropening at the weld, as follows:Wall Thickness ofTubes, in. mmHeight of Crushed Section, in. mmGrade A Tubes Grade C and D Tubes0.135 3.43 and under34 19 or until outsidefolds are in contactCrush tests not requiredOver 0.135 3.43 114 32 .10.2 Table 3 gives the computed minimum elongation
23、values for each132-in. 0.8 mm decrease in wall thickness.Where the wall thickness lies between two values shownabove, the minimum elongation value shall be determined bythe following equation:E 5 48t 1 15.00 E 5 1.87t 1 15.00where:E = elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, %, and,t = actual thickness of spec
24、imen, in. mm.10.3 For tubing less than 1 in. 25.4 mm in outsidediameter, the length of the specimen shall be 212 times theoutside diameter of the tube. Slight surface checks shall not because for rejection.11. Mechanical Tests Required11.1 Flattening Test:11.1.1 For Grade A, one flattening test shal
25、l be made onspecimens from each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2)orfraction thereof, and from each 2000 ft 600 m or fractionthereof of safe-end material.11.1.2 For Grades C and D, one flattening test shall be madeon specimens from each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2)orfraction thereof.11.2 Fla
26、nge Test:11.2.1 For Grade A, one flange test shall be made onspecimens from each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2)orTABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsElementComposition, %Grade A,Low-CarbonSteelGrade C,Medium-Carbon SteelGrade D, Carbon-Man-ganese SteelCarbon 0.060.18 0.35 max 0.27 maxManganese 0.270.6
27、3 0.80 max 1.001.50Phosphorus, max 0.035 0.035 0.030Sulfur, max 0.035 0.035 0.015Silicon . . 0.10 minTABLE 2 Tensile RequirementsGrade C Grade DTensile strength, min, ksi MPa 60 415 70 485Yield strength, min, ksi MPa 37 255 40 275Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 30 30For longitudinal strip tests
28、 a deduction foreach132-in. 0.8 mm decrease in wallthickness below516 in. 8 mm from thebasic minimum elongation of thefollowing percentage points shall bemade.1.50A1.50AASee Table 3 for the computed minimum values.TABLE 3 Minimum Elongation ValuesWall Thickness Elongation in 2 in. or 50mm, min, %Ain
29、 mm516 (0.312) 8 30932 (0.281) 7.2 2914 (0.250) 6.4 27732 (0.219) 5.6 26316 (0.188) 4.8 24532 (0.156) 4 2218 (0.125) 3.2 21332 (0.094) 2.4 20116 (0.062) 1.6 18ACalculated elongation requirements shall be rounded to the nearest wholenumber.A 178/A 178M 02 (2007)2fraction thereof, and from each 2000
30、ft 600 m or fractionthereof of safe-end material.11.2.2 For Grades C and D, one flange test shall be made onspecimens from each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2)orfraction thereof. The width of the flange shall not be less than75 % of that specified in Specification A 450/A 450M.11.3 Crush TestFor
31、 Grade A, when required by thepurchaser, one crush test shall be made on specimens fromeach of two tubes from each lot (Note 2) or fraction thereof,and from each 2000 ft 600 m or fraction thereof of safe-endmaterial.11.4 Tension TestFor Grades C and D, one tension testshall be made on specimens from
32、 each of two tubes from eachlot. The term lot for tension test requirements applies to alltubes prior to cutting, of the same nominal diameter and wallthickness, which are produced from the same heat of steel.When final heat treatment is in a batch-type furnace, a lot shallinclude only those tubes o
33、f the same size and the same heatwhich are heat treated in the same furnace charge. When thefinal heat treatment is in a continuous furnace, a lot shallinclude all tubes of the same size and heat, heat treated in thesame furnace, at the same temperature, time at heat, andfurnace speed.11.5 Reverse F
34、lattening TestOne reverse flattening testshall be made on each 1500 ft 450 m of finished tubing.11.6 Hydrostatic or Nondestructive Electric TestEachtube shall be subjected to either the hydrostatic or the nonde-structive electric test. The purchaser may specify which test isto be used.12. Forming Op
35、erations12.1 When inserted in the boiler, tubes shall withstandexpanding and beading without showing cracks or flaws, oropening at the weld. When properly manipulated, superheatertubes shall withstand all forging, welding, and bending opera-tions necessary for application without developing defects.
36、13. Product Marking13.1 In addition to the marking prescribed in SpecificationA 450/A 450M, the letters “ERW” shall be legibly stenciled oneach tube, or marked on a tag attached to the bundle or box inwhich the tubes are shipped.13.2 The manufacturers name or symbol may be placedpermanently on each
37、tube by rolling or light stamping beforenormalizing. If a single stamp is placed on the tube by hand,this mark should not be less than 8 in. 200 mm from one endof the tube.14. Keywords14.1 boiler tube; resistance welded steel tube; steel tube,carbon; welded steel tubeSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSThe fo
38、llowing supplementary requirements may become a part of the specification when specifiedin the inquiry or invitation to bid, and production order or contract. These requirements shall not beconsidered, unless specified in the order and the necessary tests shall be made at the mill.S1. Additional Tes
39、ting of Welded Tubing for ASMERequirementsS1.1 The weld seam of each tube shall be subjected to anultrasonic inspection employing Practices E 273 or E 213 withthe rejection criteria referenced in Specification A 450/A 450M.S1.2 If Practice E 273 is employed, a 100 % volumetricinspection of the entir
40、e length of each tube shall also beperformed using one of the nondestructive electric tests per-mitted by Specification A 450/A 450M.S1.3 The test methods described in the supplement may notbe capable of inspecting the end portions of tubes. Thiscondition is referred to as end effect. This portion,
41、as deter-mined by the manufacturer, shall be removed and discarded.S1.4 In addition to the marking prescribed in SpecificationA 450/A 450M, “S1” shall be added after the gradedesignation.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any
42、 item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical
43、committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at
44、 a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
45、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).A 178/A 178M 02 (2007)3
