1、Designation: A 247 061Standard Test Method forEvaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 247; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTESection 2 was corrected editorially in August 2009.
3、1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the classification of graphite incast irons in terms of type, distribution, and size. This testmethod is intended to be applicable for all iron-carbon alloyscontaining graphite particles, and may be applied to gray irons,malleable irons, and the ductile (nodular)
4、irons.1.2 The reference standards included in this test method arein no way to be construed as specifications. In an appropriatespecification for a specific material where graphite microstruc-ture is an important consideration this test method may be usedas a reference to define concisely the graphi
5、te microstructurerequired.1.3 These standards are offered primarily to permit accuratereporting of microstructures of cast irons and to facilitate thecomparison of reports by different laboratories or investigators.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems associated wi
6、th its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriatesafety and health practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens2.2 AS
7、TM Adjuncts:Graphite Microstructure in Gray Iron (3 Plates)33. Summary of Test Method3.1 The reference diagrams included in this standard formthe basis for classification. Characteristic features of graphiteparticles are designated by numerals and letters. Type, distri-bution, and size of observed g
8、raphite are compared with theidealized microstructures in the standard charts and ratedaccordingly as closely as possible to the equal or similarmicrostructures in the charts.4. Significance and Use4.1 The comparison of observed graphite particles with thestructures shown in the charts give only pur
9、ely descriptiveinformation on the type, distribution, and size of the graphite inthe sample being evaluated. It does not indicate except in avery broad way the origin of the graphite, or the suitability ofthe iron-carbon alloy for a particular service.5. Test Specimens or Samples5.1 The preferred sa
10、mple is a section cut from an actualcasting that is being evaluated. When this is impractical, a testlug or projection often can be cast attached to the casting andsawed or broken off to be used as the sample. If neither of thesemethods is convenient, microscopical test coupons, such as thatrecommen
11、ded by the Ductile Iron Research Committee (12K)of the American Foundrymens Society4should be cast frommetal representative of the castings poured.6. Polishing6.1 Grinding and polishing may follow the usual acceptedmetallographic procedures as covered in Methods E3, exceptthat care must be taken tha
12、t the graphite is retained at thepolished surface and not torn or dragged out. Use of diamondpowder polishing compound in one of the final stages ofpolishing is very effective in retaining the graphite at thepolished surface.7. Classification of Graphite Form with Chart7.1 The graphite form type cha
13、rt (Plate I)5is used as areference standard by scanning the polished specimen underthe microscope and noting the graphite forms in the micro-structure that more nearly correspond to type designations onthe chart.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is
14、 the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.21 on Testing.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2006. Published December 2006. Originallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as A 247 67 (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus
15、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJA0247. Original adjunct produced in 1977 .4Transactions, American Foundrymens So
16、ciety, 1960, p. 655.5Plates I, II, and III may be obtained from ASTM Headquarters. OrderADJA0247.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.2 Type I is the normal and usually desirable graphite formin ductile iron, although th
17、e presence of Type II graphite formshas little or no adverse effect on properties. Graphite formsrepresented by Types IV through VI often occur in ductile ironin conjunction with Types I and II. The percentages of eachgraphite type are estimated by observation, or better, bycounting the particles of
18、 each type. Types present in a sampleare to be reported in percentages to total 100. Any convenientmagnification that clearly reveals the graphite form may beused.7.3 Type III is the graphite form most often seen inmalleable iron castings after annealing. Some malleable ironsmay contain Types I or I
19、I graphite particles also.7.4 Type IV is the predominant graphite form in compacted(vermicular) graphite iron. However, the microstructure istypically evaluated by the percentage of Types I and II that arecommonly observed.7.5 Type VII is the flake graphite form usually seen in grayiron.8. Classific
20、ation of Graphite Distribution with Chart8.1 The graphite distribution chart (Plate II)5is usefulprincipally in rating flake graphite, Type VII, distributions ingray cast iron. Occasionally, however, graphite in malleable orductile iron may occur in a nonrandom distribution patternwhich the distribu
21、tions B to E may be used to describe.9. Classification of Graphite Size by Chart9.1 Two series of size charts, one for flake graphite, and onefor nodules, are shown in Plate III5to facilitate comparisons.At exactly 100 diameters magnification the maximum dimen-sion of the graphite particles for the
22、various size classes areshown in Table 1.9.2 For direct comparison with the size classes in Plate III,the specimen to be evaluated should be projected on the groundglass screen, or photographed, at a magnification of exactly100 diameters. Usually visual comparison with the chart isadequate to define
23、 the size class. If carefully calibrated, ocularscales may be used to measure the serpentine length dimensionof flakes or the diameter of nodules. Where a mixture of one ormore sizes occurs in the same sample, the sizes may bereported as percentages of the total graphite area representedby the sizes
24、 involved. It is a common practice in malleable ironto use nodule count per unit area instead of a comparison chartas given here. Nodule count, with known free carbon content,is a measure of calculated average nodule area.10. Report of Graphite Microstructure10.1 To report the microstructure of grap
25、hite in cast iron theheadings to be used are as follows: Sample identification;graphite form type or types; graphite distribution; graphite sizeclass.10.2 Graphite type, or types, is designated by a Romannumeral I through VII. Graphite distribution is designated by acapital letter A through E. Graph
26、ite size is designated by anArabic numeral 1 through 8.10.3 Graphite distribution is always designated for flakegraphite irons, but may be omitted for malleable and ductileiron.10.3.1 For example, a typical gray iron of normal graphitestructure might be designated VIIA4. If eutectiform graphite ispr
27、esent, the rating might be VII D7. Mixtures of these two maybe described by giving both ratings with appropriate percent-ages, 70 % VII A4, 30 % VII D7.10.3.2 A high-quality ductile iron could be designated I6. Aslightly inferior ductile iron, with somewhat insufficient nodu-lizing alloy, might be 7
28、0 % I6, 30 % IV5.10.3.3 Graphite in malleable irons may be similarly desig-nated as Types III, II, or I and the size from the nodular sizechart.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of t
29、his standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five y
30、ears andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical comm
31、ittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
32、428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Graphite SizeSize Class Maxim
33、um Dimension at 3 100, mmA1 12826433241658647281AThe gradation of sizes shown in each size class from the maximum dimensionwere computer calculated at the National Bureau of Standards using data obtainedfrom actual micrographs (Wyman, L. L., and Moore, G. A., “Quantitative Metallo-graphic Evaluations of Graphite Microstructures,” Modern Castings, Vol 43, No. 1,Jan. 1963, p. 7).A2470612
