1、Designation: A356/A356M 11 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Specification forSteel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel,Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A356/A356M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers one grade of martensitic stain-less steel
3、 and several grades of ferritic steel castings forcylinders (shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and otherheavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications.1.2 Optional supplementary requirements (S1 through S5)shall apply as selected by and specified by the purchaser.1.3 The values stated in
4、 either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3.1 Withi
5、n the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifi-cations of Procedures and PersonnelE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE125 Re
6、ference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-tions on Ferrous CastingsE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412 in.(50.8 to 114 mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12in. (114 to 305 mm
7、) Steel CastingsE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.(50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing2.2 Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve andFittings Industry Standard:3SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves,Flanges, Fittings, and Oth
8、er Piping Components (VisualMethod)3. Classification3.1 The castings are furnished in the grades shown in Table1.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for material to this specification should includethe following information:4.1.1 A description of the casting by pattern number ordrawing (dimensional to
9、lerances shall be included on thecasting drawing),4.1.2 Grade of steel,4.1.3 Options in the specification, and4.1.4 The supplementary requirements desired, includingthe standards of acceptance.5. Melting Process5.1 The steel shall be made by the open-hearth or electric-furnace process.5.2 Deoxidatio
10、n Practice:5.2.1 Deoxidation of the carbon and low-alloy steel gradesshall be by manganese and silicon. Furnace or ladle deoxida-tion with other agents is permissible with the approval of thepurchaser.5.2.2 The purchaser may specify that no aluminum beadded.5.2.3 Vacuum deoxidation is acceptable. Th
11、e specificmethod shall be subject to approval by the purchaser.6. Heat Treatment6.1 Preliminary Heat TreatmentThe castings may receivesuch preliminary heat treatment as the founder may elect toemploy.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Rel
12、ated Alloysand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published September 2016. Originallyapproved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as A356/A356M 11.DOI: 10.1520/A0356_A0356M-11R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit th
13、e ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and FittingsIndustry (MSS), 127 Pa
14、rk St., NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4602, http:/www.mss-hq.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE1ChemicalRequirementsAComposition,%Grade/UNSNumberMaterialCa
15、rbonManganeseSiliconPhosphorus,maxSulfur,maxMolybdenumChromiumNickelVanadiumColumbiumNitrogenAluminumOther1J03502carbonsteel0.35Bmax0.70Bmax0.60max0.0350.030.2J1252312%molybdenum0.25Bmax0.70Bmax0.60max0.0350.0300.45-0.65.5J1254012%chromium,12%molybdenum0.25Bmax0.70Bmax0.60max0.0350.0300.40-0.600.40-
16、0.70.6J12073114%chromium,12%molybdenum0.20max0.50-0.800.60max0.0350.0300.45-0.651.00-1.50.8J116971%chromium,1%molybdenum,vanadium0.20max0.50-0.900.20-0.600.0350.0300.90-1.201.00-1.50.0.05-0.15.9J216101%chromium,1%molybdenum,vanadium0.20max0.50-0.900.20-0.600.0350.0300.90-1.201.00-1.50.0.20-0.35.10J2
17、2090214%chromium,1%molybdenum0.20max0.50-0.800.60max0.0350.0300.90-1.202.00-2.75.CA6NM J91540martensicchromiumnickel0.06max1.00max1.00max0.0400.0300.4-1.011.5-14.03.5-4.5.AWhereellipsesappearinthistable,thereisnorequirementandtheelementneednotbeanalyzedfororreported.BForeach0.01%reductionincarbonbel
18、owthemaximumspecified,anincreaseof0.04percentagepointsofmanganeseoverthemaximumspecifiedforthatelementwillbepermittedupto1.00.A356/A356M 11 (2016)26.2 Heat Treatment for Final Properties:6.2.1 NormalizingThe castings shall be heated to and heldat the proper temperature for a sufficient time to effec
19、t thedesired transformation and withdrawn from the furnace andallowed to cool to effect complete transformation.6.2.2 TemperingThe casting shall be heated to and held atthe proper temperature, which shall be below the transforma-tion range, and then cooled under suitable conditions. Thetempering tem
20、perature shall not be less than 1100F 595C.6.2.3 Stress RelievingThe stress relieving operation shallbe carried out in the same manner as tempering. The tempera-ture shall be within 50F 28C, but not exceeding the finaltempering temperature.6.3 Stainless Steel Casting:6.3.1 NormalizingThe castings sh
21、all be heated to 1850F1010C minimum, held sufficiently at that temperature touniformly heat the castings, and air cooled to below 200F93C.6.3.2 TemperingThe castings shall be final tempered from1050 to 1150F 565 to 620C.6.3.3 Stress RelievingThe stress relieving operation shallbe performed in the sa
22、me manner as tempering. Temperatureshall be between 1050F 565C and 1150F 620C.7. Chemical Composition7.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements given inTable 1.8. Tensile Requirements8.1 Tensile properties shall conform to the requirementslisted in Table 2 as determined by the test specimen set
23、 forth inSection 9.8.2 Tension tests shall be performed in accordance with TestMethods and Definitions A370.9. Number of Tests and Retests9.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat in eachheat-treatment charge and from each casting on which attachedcoupons are specified. The bar from which th
24、e test specimen istaken shall be heat treated with the casting represented.9.2 If any test specimen shows defective machining ordevelops flaws, it shall be discarded and another specimensubstituted from the same heat.9.3 If the results of the mechanical tests for any lot orcasting do not conform to
25、the requirements specified, thefounder may reheat treat and retest such lot or casting.10. Test Specimen10.1 Tension test specimens and samples for microexami-nation may be taken from coupons conforming substantially tothe dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and from the locations in thecoupon as indicated i
26、n Fig. 1. These coupons shall have beencast attached to the castings, except as provided in 10.2, andhave remained attached, without partial severing, until thecompletion of the heat treatment for final properties.10.2 If, in the opinion of the manufacturer, the design of anycasting is such as to pr
27、eclude the use of an attached coupon,then the tension test specimen and sample for microexamina-tion for that casting may be taken from a coupon attached to aspecial block. The coupon shall conform substantially to thedimensions shown in Fig. 1 and shall have remained attached,without partial severi
28、ng, to its special block until after all heattreatment for final properties.10.3 Test specimens may be cut from heat-treated castingsinstead of from test coupons when agreed upon between themanufacturer and the purchaser.10.4 Tension test specimens shall be machined to the formand dimensions of the
29、standard round 2-in. 50-mm gage-length specimen shown in Fig. 5 of Test Methods and Defini-tions A370.11. Inspection11.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall havefree entry, at all times while work on the contract of thepurchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturersworks t
30、hat concern the manufacture of material ordered. Themanufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilitiesto satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordancewith this specification. All tests (except product analysis) andinspection shall be made at the place of manufacture p
31、rior toshipment, and shall be so conducted as not to interfereunnecessarily with operation of the works.12. Rejection and Rehearing12.1 Any rejection based on tests made in accordance withSections 7 or 8, or both, shall be reported to the manufacturerwithin 60 days from the receipt of samples by the
32、 purchaser.TABLE 2 Tensile RequirementsGrade MaterialTensile Strength,min, ksi MPaYield Strength,min, ksi MPaElongation in 2in. 50 mmmin, %Reduction ofArea, min,%1 carbon steel 70 485 36 250 20.0 35.0212 % molybdenum 65 450 35 240 22.0 35.0512 % chromium,12 % molybdenum 70 485 40 275 22.0 35.06114 %
33、 chromium,12 % molybdenum 70 485 45 310 22.0 35.08 1 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum, vanadium 80 550 50 345 18.0 45.09 1 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum, vanadium 85 585 60 415 15.0 45.010 214 % chromium, 1 % molybdenum 85 585 55 380 20.0 35.0CA6NM martensitic chromium nickel 110 760 80 550 15.0 35.0A356/A35
34、6M 11 (2016)312.2 Material that shows injurious defects subsequent to itsacceptance at the manufacturers works will be rejected, andthe manufacturer shall be notified.12.3 Samples tested in accordance with Section 7 thatrepresent rejected material shall be preserved for 60 days fromthe date of trans
35、mission of the test report. In case of dissatis-faction with the result of the tests, the manufacturer may makeclaim for a rehearing within that time.13. Certification13.1 The manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser acertified record of the results of the chemical analysis andmechanical tests, to
36、gether with a statement that all the require-ments of this specification (including year date) have been met.14. Product Marking14.1 Pressure-containing castings, made in accordance withany of the grades of steel covered by this specification, shall bemarked for material identification with the ASTM
37、 symbols forthe grade of alloy steel (Grade 1, Grade 2, and so forth) and theheat number or heat identification. Marking shall be positionedso as not to impair the usefulness of the castings.15. Quality Assurance15.1 Surface FinishThe castings shall be clean whenoffered for inspection. A standard pr
38、actice that may be used asa basis for visual inspection is SP-55.15.2 SoundnessThe degree of soundness and the methodfor its determination shall be subject to agreement between themanufacturer and the purchaser. Castings may be produced inaccordance with Supplementary Requirement S2, Supplemen-tary
39、Requirement S3, Supplementary Requirement S4, or anycombination of these.15.3 WeldingAssembly welds and repair welds shall bemade using procedures and welders qualified under PracticeA488/A488M.15.3.1 Welding shall be accomplished with a filler materialknown to produce weld deposits having a chemica
40、l composi-tion and mechanical properties compatible with those of thecastings.15.3.2 Welds shall be inspected to the same quality stan-dards as are used to inspect the castings.15.3.2.1 When castings are produced with SupplementaryRequirement S2 specified, welds shall be inspected by mag-netic parti
41、cle examination to the same standards as are used toinspect the castings.15.3.2.2 When castings are produced with SupplementaryRequirement S3 specified, welds shall be inspected by radiog-raphy to the same standards as are used to inspect the castings.15.3.3 Welds shall receive at least a stress-rel
42、ief heat treat-ment. A complete heat treatment consisting of a normalize andtemper may be required for certain welds, subject to agreementbetween the manufacturer and purchaser.15.3.4 When methods involving high temperatures are usedin the removal of discontinuities, casting shall be preheated toat
43、least the minimum temperatures in Table 3.15.3.5 Assembly and repair welds on Grade 12A shall bepost-weld heat treated at 1350-1470F 730-800C.16. Keywords16.1 carbon steel; low-alloy steel; stainless steel; steamturbines; steel castingsFIG. 1 Dimensions and Location of Test Coupons for Turbine Casti
44、ngsA356/A356M 11 (2016)4SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSAny of the following supplementary requirements may become a part of the specification whenspecified on the inquiry or invitation to bid, and when made a part of the purchase order or contractafter mutual agreement by the manufacturer and the purchas
45、er on the exact standards to be applied toeach method of inspection.S1. Microstructural RequirementsS1.1 There shall be no microstructural requirements forGrade 1.S1.2 The microstructural requirements of grades, other thanGrade 1, may be specified by the purchaser.S1.3 If microstructural requirement
46、s are specified by thepurchaser, he shall furnish suitable standards to serve as asatisfactory basis for acceptance or rejection.S1.4 If microstructural requirements are specified, thesample for examination may be taken from the end of thebroken tension test specimens.S2. Magnetic Particle Inspectio
47、nS2.1 The purchaser may specify magnetic particle inspec-tion of castings made in accordance with this specification.S2.2 If magnetic particle inspection is specified, the pur-chaser shall designate the zones of the casting to be soinspected.S2.3 If magnetic particle inspection is specified, the pur
48、-chaser shall designate acceptance standards for each type ofdiscontinuity, preferably in accordance with Reference Photo-graphs E125.S2.4 Magnetic particle inspection shall preferably be per-formed in accordance with Guide E709.S2.5 The circular or coil method of overall magnetization orthe wet met
49、hod of magnetic particle inspection, or both, maybe used subject to agreement between the manufacturer andpurchaser.S3. Radiographic InspectionS3.1 The purchaser may specify radiographic inspection ofcastings made in accordance with this specification.S3.2 If radiographic inspection is specified, radiographyshall be performed in accordance with Guide E94.S3.3 If
