1、Designation: A384/A384M 07 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forSafeguarding Against Warpage and Distortion During Hot-Dip Galvanizing of Steel Assemblies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A384/A384M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Steel assemblies and subassemblies fabricated bywelding, such as comp
3、osite structural members, sash,weldments, etc., that are to be hot-dip galvanized afterfabrication, are subject to warpage and distortion of thematerial due to the heating and cooling integral to the galva-nizing operation, particularly when it is necessary for theassembly to be dipped more than onc
4、e to coat the entiresurface.1.2 This specification is applicable in either inch pounds orSI units. Inch pounds and SI units are not necessarily exactequivalents. Within the text of this specification and whereappropriate, SI units are shown in parentheses.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A
5、143/A143M Practice for Safeguarding Against Embrittle-ment of Hot-Dip Galvanized Structural Steel Products andProcedure for Detecting EmbrittlementA385 Practice for Providing High-Quality Zinc Coatings(Hot-Dip)A780 Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areasof Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings3. Fac
6、tors in Warpage and Distortion3.1 One of the most commonly distorted and warped mem-bers of assemblies is that of sheets or plates from No. 20 gage0.812 mm to14 in. 6.35 mm in thickness which areassembled by welding or riveting to bar-size shapes, angles,channels, tees, etc. The sheets or plates hav
7、e residual stressfrom the welding or riveting as well as stress from rollingoperations to bring the sheet or plate to its final thickness. Asthe sheet or plate is heated to galvanizing temperature, 820 to850F (438 to 454C), the stress can be slightly relieved but theconstraint of the framing does no
8、t allow the stresses to becompletely relieved. The stress relief is minimal and, thus, theinternal stress level of the sheet or plate compounds because ofthe addition of the contraction forces. When the fabricationcools after galvanizing, the framing also restricts the contrac-tion of the sheet or p
9、late further increasing internal stresses. Ifthe warpage or distortion is minimal, the fabrication may beacceptable but, if the distortion is significant, the fabricationmay need to be reworked with the sheet or plate attached to theframe after hot-dip galvanizing.3.2 Warpage is accentuated by the u
10、se of nonsymmetricalsections such as channels. Regardless of size, channels that aregalvanized by themselves often require straightening aftergalvanizing. This is not true of an I-beam, pipe, H-column, orany other section that is symmetrical about both its major axes.Channels and other nonsymmetrica
11、l sections should be avoidedfor the framework of a sheet metal assembly that is to behot-dip galvanized whenever it is possible to use symmetricalshapes or sections as framing pieces.3.2.1 Checkered plate may also warp or distort duringgalvanizing due to the asymmetry of the plate design. Since allo
12、f the deformations are on one side of the plate, the residualstress from fabricating the checkered plate may cause warpageor distortion. This may be accentuated by attaching checkeredplate to a frame before hot-dip galvanizing.3.3 The use of wide radii bends in corners is recommended.In the case of
13、sheet metal, the product that has a right-anglebend in the sheet metal itself will remain flatter and be freerfrom distortion if the radius of the bend is as large as practical.For extremely tight bends that are integral to the fabrication,stress relieving in accordance with the section on Cold Work
14、-ing and Thermal Treatment of Practice A143/A143M is rec-ommended to avoid warpage or distortion.3.4 Certain welding practices, weld sizes andconfigurations, and thickness differences between welded com-ponents can introduce imbalanced stresses into the weldments.If these stresses are combined with
15、other stresses duringhot-dip galvanizing, the stress relieving effect of galvanizingmay permit distortion to occur.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A05 on Metallic-Coated Iron and Steel Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA05.13 on Structural Shapes and
16、 Hardware Specifications.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published May 2013. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A384/A384M - 07.This practice is based upon the work of the Technical Services Committee of theAmerican Galvanizers Association. DOI: 10.1520/A0384
17、_A0384M-07R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
18、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NOTE 1One example of this situation is the bracing of two largepieces in a fabrication by a smaller piece. The smaller piece is welded atboth ends and during the cool-down after galvanizing it may experiencesignificant stress as it c
19、ools more quickly than the two larger pieces. Theresulting stress may cause warpage or distortion of the smaller, bracingpiece. Another example of imbalanced stresses is the welding of afabrication piece on one edge. When this type of fabrication is hot-dipgalvanized the welding on one edge causes a
20、ll of the internal stress in thepart to be concentrated at the edge of the weld and during cool down fromgalvanizing the contraction may cause the part to warp or distort since itcannot move to adjust the internal stresses.3.5 When two pieces of steel are seal welded in an overlap-ping joint, the ov
21、erlapping section must be properly vented perPractice A385. If the overlapped area is not properly vented orif it is incorrectly sealed, the pressure from the expansion of thetrapped gases in the overlapped area can distort the two piecesof steel that are welded together and, in the worst case, canc
22、ause an explosion underneath the zinc bath surface destroyingthe parts and causing a potential safety problem at the hot-dipgalvanizing facility.3.6 When a fabricated assembly is too large for a particulargalvanizing kettle and the fabrication must be dipped,repositioned, and dipped again, the therm
23、al stresses on thefabrication due to the temperature differences from the sectioninside the zinc bath to the section outside the zinc bath cancreate warpage or distortion of the fabrication.3.7 Combining any of these potential causes of warpage, ordistortion, or both, such as non-symmetrical design
24、withdifferent thickness steel parts increases the potential for war-page and distortion to occur.4. Suggested Corrections for Panel Fabrication4.1 The angles selected should be in as perfect alignment asit is practical to obtain.4.2 The angles should be placed in position without clamp-ing or pullin
25、g prior to welding so that the corners of abuttingedges will lie in position without restraint. Clamps may beapplied to prevent shifting or movement during the weldingoperation.4.3 The stiffening angles should be placed in position andheld down to prevent their being moved when in contact withthe el
26、ectrode during the welding operation. In welding anyintermediate lengths along one side of a common member, careshould be taken to prevent warpage of the common memberdue to the application of high heat on the same side at variousintervals along its length.4.4 All edges of tightly contacting surface
27、s should becompletely sealed by welding unless the area exceeds therecommended size detailed in Practice A385. This will preventthe rusting of the surfaces that are so connected that moltenzinc cannot circulate through the crevices to galvanize thecontacting surfaces.4.5 The sheet steel should not b
28、e welded to the angle steelframe prior to galvanizing if the galvanizing kettle is not ofsufficient size to permit the total immersion in one dip. If theframe has to be dipped one half at a time, it will be better tohave the sheets galvanized, rolled flat after galvanizing, andassembled to the galva
29、nized frame by the use of galvanizedrivets. These rivets can be countersunk or flat head if theprotruding head of the ordinary button or round head rivet isobjectionable. If the angle steel frame and sheets are punchedprior to galvanizing (the recommended procedure), the use ofdrift pins to bring th
30、e holes into alignment should be avoidedas far as possible at the time the sheets and frame areassembled.4.6 If the galvanizing kettle is of sufficient size to permittotal immersion of the assembly in one dip, the riveting offabricated parts prior to galvanizing is not recommendedbecause contacting
31、surfaces will not be coated and rusting willoccur due to entrapped pickling acid.4.7 Unequal thickness of metal should be avoided whereverpossible due to the different rates of heating and cooling duringthe galvanizing operation and the effect of unequal expansionand contraction.4.8 If the fabricati
32、on is non-symmetrical and all otherattempts to minimize the warpage and distortion have failed,two fabrications may be temporarily connected to make asymmetrical assembly for the hot-dip galvanizing process. Thiscan minimize the warpage and distortion during the thermalcycle of the hot-dip galvanizi
33、ng. After galvanizing, the tempo-rary bracing to make the symmetrical assembly can be re-moved and the areas of contact can be repaired or touched-upas described in Practice A780.5. Embrittlement5.1 Cold working before galvanizing (straightening, spring-ing into position, reforming, etc.) of various
34、 steel parts inmaking up an assembly, or in the cold working of theindividual members of an assembly, punching, cutting, etc.,may result in embrittlement of the base metal following the hotgalvanizing operation. Necessary precautions to fabricate prop-erly and prepare the material for galvanizing to
35、 preventembrittlement are described in Practice A143/A143M.NOTE 2Welding, if improperly performed, may induce embrittlement.It is recommended that welding procedures be carried out in conformancewith the pertinent specifications of the American Welding Society.6. Keywords6.1 coatings-zinc; galvanize
36、d coatings; steel products-metallic coated; zinc coatings-steel productsA384/A384M 07 (2013)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determinati
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