1、Designation: A385/A385M 11Standard Practice forProviding High-Quality Zinc Coatings (Hot-Dip)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A385/A385M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the precautions that should b
3、e takento obtain high-quality hot-dip galvanized coatings.1.2 Where experience on a specific product indicates arelaxing of any provision, the mutually acceptable change shallbe a matter for agreement between the manufacturer andpurchaser.1.3 This specification is applicable to orders in eitherinch-
4、pound units (as A385) or in SI units (as A385M).Inch-pound units and SI units are not necessarily exactequivalents. Within the text of this specification and whereappropriate, SI units are shown in brackets. Each system shallbe used independently of the other without combining values inany way.2. Re
5、ferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A143/A143M Practice for Safeguarding Against Embrittle-ment of Hot-Dip Galvanized Structural Steel Products andProcedure for Detecting EmbrittlementA384/A384M Practice for Safeguarding Against Warpageand Distortion During Hot-Dip Galvanizing of Steel As-semblies
6、A563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts2.2 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Docu-ments:3Steel Construction Manual3. Steel Selection3.1 The production of a galvanized coating has as its basisthe metallurgical reaction between the steel and the moltenzinc, resulting in the fo
7、rmation of several iron-zinc compoundlayers, for example, gamma (not always visible microscopi-cally), delta, and zeta in Fig. 1. In addition, a layer of themolten zinc adheres to the surface of the compound layers asthe steel is withdrawn from the galvanizing bath. Uponsolidification, this adherent
8、 zinc forms the eta layer.3.2 It is known that the exact structural nature of thegalvanized coating, as typified by Fig. 1, may be modified inaccordance with the exact chemical nature of the steel beinggalvanized. Certain elements found in steels are known to havean influence on the coating structur
9、e. The elements carbon inexcess of about 0.25 %, phosphorus in excess of 0.04 %, ormanganese in excess of about 1.3 % will cause the productionof coatings different from the coating typified by Fig. 1. Steelswith silicon in the range 0.04 % to 0.15 % or above 0.22 % canproduce galvanized coating gro
10、wth rates much higher thanthose for steels with silicon levels below 0.04 % and between0.15 % and 0.22 %. Recent studies have shown that even incases where the silicon and phosphorous are individually heldto desirable limits, a combined effect between them canproduce a coating as shown in Fig. 2, wh
11、ich typically wouldhave a mottled or dull gray appearance.3.3 These elements manifest their structural effect as anaccelerated growth of the compound layers, particularly thezeta layer, and the virtual elimination of the eta layer. Cosmeti-cally this accelerated growth is seen as a gray matte finish
12、edcoating as opposed to the usual bright and smooth appearanceof galvanized coatings. Sometimes, a large surface may haveadjacent areas of matte finish and bright finish leading to amottled appearance.3.4 There is some evidence that the coatings resulting fromthis accelerated growth are more brittle
13、 and less adherent thannormal coatings. There is also evidence that these coatings aresubject to a premature red staining in atmospheric exposure;however, this staining has been found not to be associated withcorrosion of the substrate steel.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
14、 A05 on Metallic-Coated Iron and Steel Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA05.13 on Structural Shapes and Hardware Specifications.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A385 09. DOI:1
15、0.1520/A0385_A0385M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Institute of
16、Steel Construction (AISC), One E.Wacker Dr., Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60601-2001, http:/www.aisc.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.5 A problem with steel chemistry is not usually apparentuntil after an item has been
17、 galvanized. Not all combinations ofsilicon, phosphorus, carbon, and manganese can be galvanizedsuccessfully. When the steel chemistry is known beforehand,experienced galvanizers can in some, but not all, instancesexercise limited control over the coatings as shown in Fig. 2.Also, the combination of
18、 two different steel types or thick-nesses in one item may result in a nonuniform galvanizingfinish. The experience of the steel supplier, designer, manufac-turer, and galvanizer should determine the steel selection.3.6 In general, galvanized coatings are specified because oftheir corrosion resistan
19、ce, not because of their appearance. Therelative corrosion resistance of the normal and abnormalcoatings is, for all practical purposes, equal.4. Assemblies of Different Materials or Different Surfacesor Both4.1 Whenever possible, assemblies should consist of ele-ments of similar steel chemistry and
20、 surface condition.4.2 Whenever different analyses of steel or different sur-faces of steel are united in an assembly the galvanized finish isnot generally uniform in appearance. These differences in-clude:4.2.1 Excessively rusted surfaces.4.2.2 Pitted surfaces.4.2.3 Machined surfaces.4.2.4 Cast iro
21、n (especially with sand inclusion).4.2.5 Cast steel.4.2.6 Malleable iron.4.2.7 Hot-rolled steel.4.2.8 Cold-rolled steel.4.2.9 Steel containing chemical elements in excess of thoserecommended in 3.2.4.3 Where combinations are unavoidable, thorough abrasiveblasting of the entire assembly will normally
22、 improve galva-nizing quality.5. Overlapping or Contacting Surfaces5.1 Overlapping or contacting surfaces that have not had alledges seal welded are undesirable.5.2 When the distance between the overlapping surfaces isless than332 in. 2.38 mm, these surfaces will not normally bewet by molten zinc. F
23、urthermore, cleaning solution compoundsthat remain on these surfaces volatilize during the galvanizingprocess and may interfere with zinc wetting in adjacent areas.Such uncoated surfaces cause a rust staining after exposure tothe environment. Traditionally however, steel grating has beenFIG. 1 Photo
24、micrograph of Normal Galvanized Coating (X 400)FIG. 2 Photomicrograph of Dull Gray, Thick-Galvanized Coating (X 200)A385/A385M 112manufactured without seal welding and when properly ex-ecuted, this manufacturing means has permitted the galvanizedcoating to satisfy the quality requirements of the app
25、licableASTM specifications.5.3 When the overlap surface area is large and the edgeshave been seal welded, air or moisture or both entrappedtherein can develop destructive pressures when the assembly isheated to the galvanizing temperature, which is nominally850F 454C. Vent holes or unwelded area aro
26、und theadjoining surfaces should be provided through one or bothsides into the lapped area in accordance with the followingtables.6. Sheet Steel Rolled Over a Wire or Rod Stiffener6.1 All oil or grease should be removed from both the sheetsteel and wire or rod before rolling (see Fig. 3). Grease or
27、oilbecomes volatile at the galvanizing temperature and willgenerate gas which will prevent zinc from sealing the contactedges. All steel should be degreased before pickling and in thecase of folded assemblies, before folding and assembling (seeFig. 4).7. Weld Flux Removal and Welding Rods7.1 Welding
28、 flux residues are chemically inert in normalpickling solutions. Thus, they will not be removed by standardgalvanizing cleaning techniques and are best removed at thetime of fabrication by grit or sand-blasting or by a wire needlegun.7.2 It is desirable to choose a welding rod with a chemicalcomposi
29、tion as close as possible to the parent metal.7.3 Welding rods high in silicon may cause excessivelythick or darkened coatings or both to form in the welded area.8. Flame Cut Cope Edges Preparation8.1 Flame cut copes on beams can be extremely sensitive toresidual stresses in the steel beam and, with
30、 the rough surfacefrom the flame cutting operation, can be sources of crackingduring the thermal cycling of the hot-dip galvanizing process.The steel beams start near ambient temperature then areimmersed in the molten zinc and heated to above 800F forusually 5 to 10 minutes. The steel beams are then
31、 cooled backto ambient temperature so the thermal cycling can createthermal stresses in the area of the cope.8.2 One method that has had fairly good success at mini-mizing the cracking at the edges of the flame cut cope is toweld a bead along the sides of the cope in the area where theflame cutting
32、was done before hot-dip galvanizing. Thiswelding operation will reheat the area and may relieve some ofthe residual stress near the cope edges. The weld bead will noteliminate all incidents of cracking but will greatly reduce thelikelihood of cracking.8.3 The weld rod material should be chosen as de
33、scribed inSection 7.9. Cold Forming Before Galvanizing9.1 Refer to the latest revision of Practice A143/A143M.10. Shearing, Cutting and Punching Before Galvanizing10.1 Refer to the latest revision of Practice A143/A143M.11. Warpage and Distortion11.1 Refer to the latest revision of Practice A384/A38
34、4M.12. Design Recommendations for Providing for the FreeFlow of Cleaning Solutions, Fluxes, Air, and Zinc12.1 All fabricated assemblies shall be so designed withvent and drain holes such that no air is trapped during theimmersion of the assemblies into cleaning solutions or moltenzinc. Similarly the
35、se holes shall allow all solutions and moltenzinc to drain freely from the assemblies. Failure to follow thispractice will result in areas that will not galvanize properly, orthat may retain entrapped flux or excessive amounts of zinc.12.2 Free flow of cleaning solutions and molten zinc shallalso be
36、 provided for in assemblies of hot-rolled shapes. This isaccomplished by cropping the corner to provide an openingwith a minimum area of 0.3 in.21.9 cm2 at the corners of allstiffeners (see Fig. 5), gussets, or bracing (see Fig. 6).TABLE 1 Vent Holes for Overlapped Areas for Steels12 in. 12.75mm or
37、Less in ThicknessOverlapped Area in.2cm2 Vent Holes Unwelded Areaunder 16 103 None None16 103 to under 64 413 One38 in. 1 cm 1 in. 2.5 cm64 413 to under 400 2580 One12 in. 1.25 cm 2 in. 5.1 cm400 2580 and greater,each 400 2580One34 in. 1.91 cm 4 in. 10.2 cmTABLE 2 Vent Holes for Overlapped Areas for
38、 Steels Greaterthan12 in. 12.75 mm in ThicknessOverlapped Area in.2cm2 Vent Holes Unwelded Areaunder 16 103 None None16 103 to under 64 413 None None64 413 to under 400 2580 One12 in. 1.25 cm 2 in. 5.1 cm400 2580 and greater,each 400 2580One34 in. 1.91 cm 4 in. 10.2 cmFIG. 3 Rolled SurfacesFIG. 4 Fo
39、lded SurfacesA385/A385M 11312.3 Air or moisture, or both, entrapped within closedfabricated pipework, such as handrail, can develop destructivepressures when heated to the galvanizing temperature. Pipehandrail shall preferably be vented full open internally, asshown in Fig. 7. In addition, there sha
40、ll be one38-in. 9.5-mmminimum diameter external hole at each intersection to preventany possible explosions in the event that the fabricator neglectsto provide internal venting. This hole shall be located as closeas possible to the weld bead joining the two steel pieces and theedge of the hole shall
41、 be not more than 0.5 in. 12 mm fromthe edge of the weld bead. Where internal venting is notpossible, external vents shall be provided with one vent hole ineach side of each intersection. The vent openings shall be aminimum of38 in. 1 cm in diameter or 25 % of the diameterof the pipe that is used, w
42、hichever is larger (see Fig. 8) andshall be located as described above.12.4 Figs. 9-12 show most of the conditions encounteredwith tubular product assemblies. The venting shall openwherever possible. This is the most desirable situation. Aminimum vent opening of 25 to 30 % of the cross-sectionalarea
43、 of tubular structure shall be specified where full-openventing is not possible. For small cross sections, larger percentvent openings are recommended. See attached drawings forspecific recommendations. In box sections (see Fig. 9) wheregusset plates are used, the gusset plates shall be clipped at t
44、hefour corners. In addition, a center hole shall be provided so thatthe cumulative area of the vent holes meets the recommendedminimum. Gusset plates shall not be spaced closer than 36 in.914 mm apart. In the case of columns with end plates (seeFig. 10) where the end plate must be closed, the shaft
45、of thecolumn shall be vented. The vent opening shall be a half circlewith its diameter at the base plate (D, Fig. 10). This is muchsuperior to putting a hole with the circumference of the holeNOTE 1Strengthening gussets in channel sections should be croppedfor zinc drainage.FIG. 5 Cropped CornersCha
46、nnel SectionsNOTE 1Crop corners of gussets on fabricated columns.FIG. 6 Cropped CornersFabricated ColumnsFIG. 7 HandrailA385/A385M 114FIG. 8 HandrailAlternativeDrawing shows location of holes and clipped corners, which must be flush. Using the following formulas, the chart shows typical sizes of hol
47、es andclipped corners.Internal GussetsShould be spaced a minimum of 36 in. 914 mm.Box SectionsH + W = 24 in. 610 mm or larger-Area of hole plus clips shall be at least equal 25 % of the area of the box (H 3 W).Box SectionsH + W less than 24 in. to and including 16 in. 384 mm-use 30 %.Box SectionsH +
48、 W less than 16 in. to and including 8 in. 192 mm-use 40 %.Box SectionsH + W under 8 in. leave completely open; no end plates or internal gussets.The following chart is for square box sections only. For rectangular sections, calculate required area and check with galvanizer for positioning ofopening
49、s.Box Size H+W, in. mm Holes A-Diameter, in. mm Clipped Corners B in. mm48 1219 8 203 6 15236 914 6 152 5 12732 813 6 152 4 10228 711 6 152 3 7624 610 5 127 3 7620 508 4 102 3 7616 406 4 102 2 5112 305 3 76 2 51FIG. 9 Box SectionA385/A385M 115tangential to the base plate. On trusses (see Fig. 11 and Fig. 12)where tubular members intersect, vent holes are recommendedat both sides of the intersection.13. Moving Parts13.1 When
