1、Designation: A391/A391M 07 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Specification forGrade 80 Alloy Steel Chain1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A391/A391M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers Grade 80 heat-treated alloysteel chain for such applications as slings, lifting assemblies,and load b
3、inding.NOTE 1This specification does not cover alloy steel chain for pocketwheel applications.1.2 The Grade designation is110 of the minimum breakingstrength in newtons divided by two times the nominal cross-sectional area of the chain in square millimetres.1.3 The values stated in either SI units o
4、r in other units shallbe regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other, without combiningvalues in any way.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A29/A29M Specification for Steel Bars,
5、Carbon and Alloy,Hot-Wrought, General Requirements forA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, RelatedAlloys, and Ferroalloys3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 breaki
6、ng force, minimum, nminimum force inpounds or newtons at which the chain, during manufacture, hasbeen found by testing to break when a constantly increasingforce is applied in direct tension.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis test is a manufacturers attributeacceptance test and shall not be used as criteria for
7、 service.3.1.2 date code, nseries of letters, numbers, or both,embossed on the chain which enables its manufacturing historyto be traced.3.1.3 lot, nfor the purpose of acceptance testing, a lot shallconsist of 3000 ft 1000 m, or fraction thereof, of the samegrade and size chain. If a continuous leng
8、th of chain exceeds3000 ft 1000 m, it shall also be considered a lot.3.1.4 proof test, nquality control tensile test applied tochain for the purpose of verifying weld and material quality.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIt is the minimum force in pounds ornewtons which the chain has withstood at the time it left
9、theproducer, under a test in which a constantly increasing forcehas been applied in direct tension to a straight length of chain.Proof test loads are a manufacturing integrity test and shall notbe used as criteria for service or design purposes.3.1.5 traceability code, nseries of letters, numbers, o
10、rboth, embossed on the chain which enables its manufacturinghistory, including the identity of the steel heat, to be traced.3.1.6 working load limit (WLL), nmaximum combinedstatic and dynamic load in pounds or kilograms that shall beapplied in direct tension to an undamaged straight length ofchain.4
11、. Ordering Information4.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specifyall requirements that are necessary for material ordered underthis specification. Such requirements to be considered include,but are not limited to, the following:4.1.1 Product to conform to Specification A391 or A39
12、1Mand year of issue,4.1.2 Nominal size of chain in in. mm,4.1.3 Quantity of chain in ft m,4.1.4 Length of each piece, if required,4.1.5 Finish, if required,4.1.6 Certification of test(s), if required, and4.1.7 Acceptance of inspection by purchaser, if required.5. Manufacturing5.1 Melting ProcessThe
13、alloy steel shall be made to afully-killed fine austenitic grain process.5.2 Welding ProcessAlloy steel chain may be made by theelectric welding or gas welding process.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct re
14、sponsibility of SubcommitteeA01.27 on Steel Chain.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A391/A391M 07.DOI: 10.1520/A0391_A0391M-07R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
15、orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
16、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.3 Heat TreatmentAfter welding, alloy steel chain shallbe heat treated before applying the proof test. Heat treatmentshall include quenching and tempering as defined by Termi-nology A941.6. Material Requirements6.1 Heat AnalysisThe selection and amoun
17、ts of the alloy-ing elements in the steel are left to the judgment of theindividual chain manufacturer provided the steel meets thefollowing criteria: Carbon: 0.35 % max.; Phosphorous:0.025 % max.; Sulfur: 0.025 % max. Nickel must be present inan alloying amount (0.40 % min); and at least one of the
18、following elements must be present in an alloying amount:Chromium (0.40 % min) or Molybdenum (0.15 % min).6.2 Product AnalysisThe steel used may be analyzed bythe purchaser and shall conform to the requirements of 6.1subject to the product analysis tolerances specified in Specifi-cation A29/A29M. Te
19、st samples may be taken from rods, bars,or finished chain. Samples for analysis shall be so taken as torepresent the full cross section of the specimen.6.3 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751 shall beused for referee purposes.7. Mechanical Requirements7.1 Proof TestAll chain shall be teste
20、d to at least the proofload prescribed in Table 1 for the appropriate size chain. Whenso tested it shall withstand these loads without loss of chainintegrity. Links or chain segments not withstanding the prooftest load shall be removed from the chain.7.2 Breaking ForceThe breaking force test specime
21、n shallconsist of a length from the lot containing at least the numberof links in Table 2. All chain shall be in the quenched andtempered condition before the breaking force is measured.7.2.1 Fixtures for securing chain in a testing machine shallbe properly designed to support securely the shoulder
22、of thelink (see Note 2). The opening in the fixture shall not be morethan 125 % of the stock diameter being tested. Links engagedin the testing fixture shall not be considered part of the testspecimen.NOTE 2“U” bolts of the same or larger diameter and the same orgreater strength may be used to secur
23、e the chain to the jaws of the testingmachine.7.2.2 Test specimens shall meet or exceed the minimumbreaking force values given in Table 1 for the appropriate sizechain.7.3 Elongation:7.3.1 All chain must be in the quenched and temperedcondition before the elongation is measured.7.3.2 The elongation
24、test specimen shall consist of a lengthfrom the lot containing at least the number of links in Table 2.7.3.3 A positive load not exceeding 10 % of the proof testshall be applied for determining the original gage length(L0).7.3.4 The elongation shall be based on the total extension atfracture. This i
25、s expressed as a percentage of the change inlength (L) divided by the original gage length (L0). Theelongation may be determined by the equation below or byautographic recorder or side scale.Elongation %! 5 $L/L$0%3100where:L = test specimen final length at fracture test specimenoriginal gage length
26、 (L0), andL0 = original gage length (sum or the inside lengths of thetest chain links, not counting the fixture links, or asdetermined in 7.3.3).7.3.5 The elongation shall be a minimum of 20 %.7.4 One test for breaking strength and elongation shall bemade from each lot. The elongation and breaking f
27、orce testsmay be performed at the same time on the same test specimen.8. Dimensional Requirements8.1 The chain shall conform to the dimensional require-ments specified in Table 1 for the appropriate size chain.TABLE 1 Grade 80 Alloy Chain Mechanical and Dimensional RequirementsNominalChain SizeMater
28、ialDiameterWorking Load Limit,maxProof Test,AminMinimum BreakingForceAInside Length,maxInside Width,min to maxin. mm in. mm lb kg lb kN lb kN in. mm in. mm732 5.5 0.217 5.5 2 100 970 4 200 19.0 8 400 38.0 0.69 17.6 0.281 to 0.325 7.14 to 8.25932 7.0 0.276 7.0 3 500 1 570 7 000 30.8 14 000 61.6 0.90
29、22.9 0.375 to 0.430 9.53 to 10.92516 8.0 0.315 8.0 4 500 2 000 9 000 40.3 18 000 80.6 1.04 26.4 0.430 to 0.500 10.92 to 12.7038 10.0 0.394 10.0 7 100 3 200 14 200 63.0 28 400 126.0 1.26 32.0 0.512 to 0.600 13.00 to 15.2012 13.0 0.512 13.0 12 000 5 400 24 000 107.0 48 000 214.0 1.64 41.6 0.688 to 0.7
30、68 17.43 to 19.5058 16.0 0.630 16.0 18 100 8 200 36 200 161.0 72 400 322.0 2.02 51.2 0.812 to 0.945 20.63 to 24.0034 20.0 0.787 20.0 28 300 12 800 56 600 252.0 113 200 504.0 2.52 64.0 0.984 to 1.180 25.00 to 30.0078 22.0 0.866 22.0 34 200 15 500 68 400 305.0 136 800 608.0 2.77 70.4 1.080 to 1.300 27
31、.50 to 33.001 26.0 1.024 26.0 47 700 21 600 95 400 425.0 190 800 850.0 3.28 83.2 1.280 to 1.540 32.50 to 39.00114 32.0 1.260 32.0 72 300 32 800 144 600 644.0 289 200 1288.0 4.03 102.4 1.580 to 1.890 40.00 to 48.00AThe proof test and minimum breaking force loads shall not be used as criteria for serv
32、ice or design purposes. (See Section 3.)TABLE 2 Mechanical Test Sample Length RequirementsSize of ChainMinimum Number ofLinksin Test Specimen732 in. 5.5 mm 9Larger than732 in. 5.5 mmbut less than34 in. 20.0 mm734 in. 20.0 mm and larger 3A391/A391M 07 (2012)28.2 DiameterThe diameter of the material f
33、rom which thechain is manufactured shall not be smaller than the materialdiameter listed in Table 1 within the following tolerance: 3 %.Oversized material may be used for all applications.9. Finish9.1 The manufacturer may apply a surface treatment orfinish of their own choice for identification or c
34、orrosionresistance unless the customer specifies otherwise. The surfacetreatment or finish shall not alter the chain properties in amanner that would cause the chain to not meet the otherprovisions of this standard.10. Retests10.1 If the original test specimen fails to conform to therequirements in
35、7.2.2, two additional test specimens from thesame lot may be tested, each of which shall conform to therequirements in 7.2.2. If both additional tests are satisfactory,the chain will be considered acceptable.11. Rework and Retreatment11.1 Materials that fail to conform to the requirements fordimensi
36、ons and mechanical tests may be resubmitted afterbeing reworked.12. Inspection12.1 When requested on the purchase order or contract, thechain shall be free of paint or other coatings which could masksurface discontinuities at the time of inspection.12.2 The manufacturer shall afford the purchasers i
37、nspectorall reasonable facilities necessary to verify that the chainproduced is being furnished in accordance with this specifica-tion. Inspection by the purchaser shall not interfere unneces-sarily with the manufacturers operations. All tests and inspec-tion shall be made at the place of manufactur
38、e, unlessotherwise agreed upon.12.3 The purchaser may make the tests to govern accep-tance or rejection of the chain at their own laboratory orelsewhere. Tests and acceptance criteria shall conform to therequirements contained in this specification unless otherwisestated in the purchase order. Tests
39、 at the purchasers laboratoryor elsewhere shall be made at the expense of the purchaser.13. Rejection and Rehearing13.1 Material that fails to conform to the requirements ofthis specification may be rejected. Rejection shall be reportedto the producer or supplier promptly and in writing. In case ofd
40、issatisfaction with the results of any test, the producer orsupplier may make claim for a rehearing.13.2 In the case of dissatisfaction with the results of the testin 12.3, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing.14. Certification14.1 A manufacturers certification that the chain conformsto S
41、pecification A391/A391Mof the date of issue specifiedshall be furnished when requested on the purchase contract ororder.14.2 When requested on the purchase contract or order, themanufacturer shall furnish a certificate of proof test to thepurchaser or his representative.15. Product Marking15.1 Body
42、chain links shall not be marked with indentedcharacters.15.2 Body chain links shall be marked for identificationpurposes at intervals no greater than 3 ft 0.9 m.15.3 The marking shall consist of at least the gradeindicator, the manufacturers mark or symbol, and the trace-ability code or date code.15
43、.4 The grade indicator marking for Grade 80 shall include8, 80, or 800.16. Keywords16.1 alloy steel chain; chain; Grade 80; steel chainSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(A391/A391M 01) that may impact the use of this
44、standard. (Approved Nov. 1, 2007.)(1) Added 1.2.(2) Revised Section 2.(3) Added new terms to Section 3.(4) Added new referenced standards to 5.3 and 6.3.(5) Revised Section 9.(6) Revised Section 15.(7) Revised inside width range values in Table 1 for516 and38in.A391/A391M 07 (2012)3ASTM Internationa
45、l takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their o
46、wn responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be a
47、ddressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,
48、at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).A391/A391M 07 (2012)4
