1、Designation: A 439 83 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Specification forAustenitic Ductile Iron Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers austenitic ductile iron
3、castings,which are used primarily for their resistance to heat, corrosion,and wear, and for other special purposes.1.2 Austenitic ductile iron, also known as austenitic nodulariron or austenitic spheroidal iron, is characterized by having itsgraphite substantially in a spheroidal form and substantia
4、llyfree of flake graphite. It contains some carbides and sufficientalloy content to produce an austenitic structure.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 370 Te
5、st Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA 732/A 732M Specification for Castings, Investment,Carbon and Low Alloy Steel for General Application, andCobalt Alloy for High Strength at Elevated TemperaturesE 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsE 30 Test Meth
6、ods for Chemical Analysis of Steel, CastIron, Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron3E 59 Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determinationof Chemical Composition3E 351 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Cast IronAll Types3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for material to this specification shall
7、 include thefollowing information:3.1.1 ASTM designation,3.1.2 Type of austenitic ductile iron required (see 6.1),3.1.3 Heat treatment required (see 4.2-4.4),3.1.4 If repair of castings is permitted (see 4.5),3.1.5 Size and number of test bars required (see 9.1-9.4 and10.1),3.1.6 Special tests, if r
8、equired (see 12.1),3.1.7 Certification, if required (see 14.1), and3.1.8 Different preparation for delivery requirements, ifneeded (see 15.1).4. Manufacture4.1 Melting may be done in any furnaces that producecastings meeting the chemical and mechanical requirementsoutlined in this specification. The
9、se include cupolas, air fur-naces, electric furnaces, crucible furnaces, etc.4.2 By agreement between the manufacturer and the pur-chaser, the castings may be stress relieved by heating to 1150to 1200F (621 to 650C) for not less than 1 h nor more than2 h per inch of thickness in the thickest section
10、. Heating andcooling shall be uniform and shall not be more than 400F(222C)/h for castings less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in maximumthickness, nor more than 400F (222C) divided by themaximum section thickness in inches for thicker castings.During the cooling cycle, castings may be cooled in still airafte
11、r the temperature has dropped to 600F (315C).4.3 Whenever dimensional changes in high-temperatureservice are a problem, by agreement between the manufacturerand the purchaser, the castings may be stabilized by heating at1600F (870C) for 1 h per inch of section, with a minimum of1 h. Otherwise, the a
12、ustenite, which is super-saturated withrespect to carbon, may reject carbon during service andproduce dimensional changes.4.4 By agreement between the manufacturer and the pur-chaser, castings with chilled edges or excessive carbides maybe annealed at 1750 to 1900F (955 to 1040C) for12 to5hfollowed
13、by uniform cooling, preferably in still air.4.5 Repair by welding, plugging, or other approved methodsmay be done only with written permission from the purchaser.5. Magnetic Properties5.1 In the event that nonmagnetic castings are specified, themagnetic permeability test shall be used. The maximumma
14、gnetic permeability value shall be agreed upon between themanufacturer and the purchaser.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable andDuctile Iron Castings.Current edition approved Oct. 1,
15、2004. Published October 2004. Originallyapproved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as A 439 - 83 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer t
16、o the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1A convenient shop test for differentiating the various types ofaustenitic ductile iron is based on the fact tha
17、t a ground face of either thetest bar or the castings of Types D-2 and D-2C will not attract a small steelhorseshoe-type magnet which is normally attracted to steel (Alnicomagnet should not be used). Types D-3, D-3A, D-5, and D-5B areattracted, and types D-2B and D-4 may be slightly attracted. Thisn
18、onmagnetic test is a convenient qualitative test only for Types D-2 andD-2C and shall not be used as a basis for acceptance.6. Chemical Requirements6.1 Many combinations of alloys can be used to obtain anaustenitic ductile iron. This specification includes nine generaltypes defined by the compositio
19、n limits in Table 1.6.2 Samples taken from test coupons, broken test speci-mens, or castings shall conform to the requirements as tochemical composition prescribed in Table 1. Sampling shall beconducted in accordance with Practice E 59 and chemicalanalyses in accordance with Test Methods E 351 and E
20、 30. TestMethods E 30 should only be used for analyzing those ele-ments for which specific coverage is not provided for in TestMethods E 351.6.3 Spectrometric techniques may also be used for analysis,but should a dispute arise concerning chemical composition,Test Methods E 351 and E 30 shall be used
21、 for refereemethods.6.4 The chemical analysis for total carbon shall be made oneither chilled cast pencil-type specimens or thin wafers ap-proximately132 in. (0.8 mm) thick cut from test coupons.Drillings shall not be used because of attendant loss ofgraphite.7. Mechanical Requirements7.1 Test speci
22、mens of austenitic ductile iron made accordingto this specification shall meet the test requirements prescribedin Table 2.7.2 The yield strength shall be determined in accordancewith Test Methods E 8, using one of the following procedures:the 0.2 % off-set method or the extension under load methodma
23、y be used, by agreement between the purchaser and themanufacturer.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 The castings shall conform substantially to the dimen-sions on the drawings furnished by the purchaser, or if nodrawing has been provided, to the dimensions predicated bythe pattern supplied b
24、y the purchaser. The castings shall be freeof injurious defects. Surfaces of the castings shall be free ofburnt-on sand and shall be reasonably smooth. Runners, risers,fins, and other useless cast-on pieces shall be removed. In otherrespects, the castings shall conform to whatever points may bespeci
25、fically agreed upon between the manufacturer and thepurchaser.9. Test Bars9.1 The standard test bars shall be the 1-in. (25.4-mm) “Y”block and 1-in. (25.4-mm) keel block as shown in Fig. 1 andFig. 2, respectively. A modified keel block cast from the moldshown in Fig. 3 may be substituted for the 1-i
26、n. (25.4-mm) “Y”block or the 1-in. keel block.9.2 Whenever the section size of the castings is consider-ably less or greater than 1 in. (25.4 mm) and by agreementbetween the purchaser and the manufacturer, the12-in. (12.7-mm) or 3-in. (76.2-mm) “Y” blocks shown in Fig. 1 may beused.9.3 The test bars
27、 shall be cast in open molds made of asuitable core sand with a minimum of 112 in. (38.1 mm) ofsand on all sides and bottom of the12 and 1-in. (12.7 and25.4-mm) test bars and 3 in. (76.2 mm) of sand for the 3-in.(76.2-mm) test bar.9.4 When investment castings are made to this specification,the manuf
28、acturer may use test specimens cast to size incorpo-rated in the mold with the castings, or separately cast to sizeusing the same type of mold and the same thermal conditionsthat are used to produce the castings. These test specimensshall be made to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 of Specifica-tion A
29、 732/A 732M or Fig. 4 and Fig. 3 of Test Methods andDefinitions A 370.9.5 It is recommended that test bars be poured immediatelyafter the castings and from the same ladle of metal. Test barsshall be left in the mold until they have cooled to a blackappearance. If castings are to be heat treated, tes
30、t bars shall beincluded in the same furnace load.10. Number of Tests10.1 Test bars shall be poured from each ladle treated withnodularizing agent, unless otherwise specified.10.2 The number of test bars cast shall be agreed upon bythe manufacturer and the purchaser.10.3 One tension test shall be mad
31、e from sections cut fromthe test bars as shown in Fig. 4. If any tension test showsobvious foundry or machining defects, another specimen maybe cut from the same test bar or from another test barTABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsElementTypeD-2AD-2B D-2C D-3AD-3A D-4 D-5 D-5B D-5SComposition, %Total carbo
32、n, max 3.00 3.00 2.90 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.40 2.40 2.30Silicon 1.503.00 1.503.00 1.003.00 1.002.80 1.002.80 5.006.00 1.002.80 1.002.80 4.905.50Manganese 0.701.25 0.701.25 1.802.40 1.00 maxB1.00 maxB1.00 maxB1.00 maxB1.00 maxB1.00 maxPhosphorus, max 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08Nickel 18.0
33、022.00 18.0022.00 21.0024.00 28.0032.00 28.0032.00 28.0032.00 34.0036.00 34.0036.00 34.0037.00Chromium 1.752.75 2.754.00 0.50 maxB2.503.50 1.001.50 4.505.50 0.10 max 2.003.00 1.752.25AAdditions of 0.7 to 1.0 % of molybdenum will increase the mechanical properties above 800F (425C).BNot intentionally
34、 added.A 439 83 (2004)2representing the same metal. If the retest specimen fails toconform to this specification, the castings they represent shallbe rejected.11. Tension Test Specimens11.1 The standard round tension test specimen with 2-in. or50-mm gage length shown in Fig. 5 shall be used, except
35、whenthe12-in. (12.7-mm) “Y” block is used or when specimens arecut from castings under34-in. (19.0-mm) thickness. In thesecases, either of the test specimens shown in Fig. 6 shall besatisfactory.11.2 By agreement between the manufacturer and the pur-chaser, tension test specimens may be cut directly
36、 fromcentrifugal or other permanent mold castings. The location andorientation of such tension test specimens cut from castingsshall be specified as agreed upon by the manufacturer and thepurchaser.12. Additional Tests12.1 Hydrostatic tests for pressure castings, radiographystandards, fracture tests
37、, microstructure standards, or any otherspecial tests may be set up by mutual agreement between themanufacturer and the purchaser.13. Responsibility for Inspection13.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchaseorder, the manufacturer is responsible for the performance of all inspection r
38、equirements as specified herein. Except asTABLE 2 Mechanical RequirementsElementTypeD-2 D-2B D-2C D-3 D-3A D-4 D-5 D-5B D-5SPropertiesTensile strength, min, ksi (MPa) 58 (400) 58 (400) 58 (400) 55 (379) 55 (379) 60 (414) 55 (379) 55 (379) 65 (449)Yield strength (0.2 % offset), min, ksi (MPa) 30 (207
39、) 30 (207) 28 (193) 30 (207) 30 (207) . . . 30 (207) 30 (207) 30 (207)Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 8.0 7.0 20.0 6.0 10.0 . . . 20.0 6.0 10Brinell hardness (3000 kg) 139202 148211 121171 139202 131193 202273 131185 139193 131193Dimensions“Y” Block SizeFor Castings of Thickness Lessthan12 in.
40、(13 mm)For Castings of Thickness12 in.(13 mm) to 112 in. (38 mm)For Castings of Thickness 112 in.(38 mm) and Overin. mm in. mm in. mmA12 13 1 25 3 75B158 40 218 54 5 125C 2 50 3 75 4 100D 4 100 6 150 8 200E 7 175 7 175 7 175approx approx approx approx approx approxFIG. 1 “Y” Blocks for Test CouponsM
41、etric Equivalentsin.12 1112 212mm 13 25 38 63NOTEThe length of the keel block shall be 6 in. (150 mm).FIG. 2 Keel Block for Test CouponsA 439 83 (2004)3otherwise specified in the contract or order, the manufacturermay use his own or any other facilities suitable for theperformance of the inspection
42、requirements specified herein,unless disapproved by the purchaser. The purchaser reservesthe right to perform any of the inspections set forth in thespecification where such inspections are deemed necessary toassure supplies and services conform to prescribed require-ments.14. Certification14.1 When
43、 agreed upon in writing by the purchaser and thesupplier, a certification shall be made the basis of acceptance ofthe material. This shall consist of a copy of the manufacturerstest report or a statement by the supplier, accompanied by acopy of the test results that the material has been tested andi
44、nspected in accordance with the provisions of this specifica-tion. Each certification so furnished shall be signed by anauthorized agent of the supplier or manufacturer.15. Packaging and Package Marking15.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchaseorder, preservation and packaging of ca
45、sting shall be inaccordance with the manufacturers commercial practice.Packing and marking shall also be adequate to ensure accep-tance and safe delivery by the carrier for the mode oftransportation employed.16. Keywords16.1 austenitic; corrosion resistant; ductile iron; mechanicalproperties; nodula
46、r iron; tensile strength; yield strengthFIG. 3 Mold for Modified Keel BlockA 439 83 (2004)4FIG. 4 Sectioning Procedure for “Y” BlocksMetric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm0.005 0.01 0.50 12.70.01 0.3 2 50.818 3.2 214 57.238 9.5NOTEThe gage length and fillets shall be as shown but the ends maybe of any shap
47、e to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way thatthe load shall be axial. The reduced section shall have a gradual taper fromthe ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. (0.08 to 0.13mm) larger in diameter than the center.FIG. 5 Standard Round Tension Test Specimen with
48、2-in. (50.8-mm) Gage LengthA 439 83 (2004)5ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and
49、the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, whi
